1. Muhammad Ammad Ahmad

2. Delhi Sultanate Delhi Sultanate, refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India (1210–1526). It was founded after Muhammad of Ghor fought Prithvi Raj. The Mamluk Dynasty 1206 - 1290 The Khilji Dynasty 1290 - 1320 The Tughlaq Dynasty 1320 - 1414 The Sayyid Dynasty 1414 - 1451 The Lodi Dynasty 1451 - 1526

6. Cultural Differences PakistanIndiaAfghanistanBangladesh Shalwar Kameez is the cultural dress of Pakistan. Pakistani food is dominated by meat dishes than any other food. Urdu and English are the national languages of Pakistan. Culture is dominated by Islam and some Indian values are inherited too. Sari is the national dress for women and dhoti kurta for men. Hindu customs and traditions are followed across the country. Food and food choices vary across the regions, a huge population of Indians are vegetarians. Hindi and English are the national languages. Afghanistan follows strict Islamic code and can be considered an extreme Islamic state. Women are less active than men in all fields and are not encouraged to leave the house much. Education, especially of women, is not a priority and is considered a taboo. Pashto and Dari are the national languages. Bengali is the national language of Bangladesh. English is not given the status of an official language. Rice and fish are the staple diets of the Bangladeshi people. Both saris and shalwar kameez are considered the national dress of Bangladesh.

7. Administrative Differences PakistanIndiaAfghanistanBangladesh The country is divided into 4 provinces, 1 territory and 1 capital territory. The Capital of Pakistan is Islamabad. The Parliament or the Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate and the National Assembly. The country is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories. India prides itself as being the largest federal republic in the world. The capital of India is New Delhi. The Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or the Rajya Sabha and the People’s Assembly or the Lok Sabha. The country is divided into 34 provinces. The capital of the country is Kabul. The National Assembly consists of the Meshrano Jirga, or the House of the Elders and the Wolesi Jirga, or the house of the people. Stera Mahkama is the highest court. Afghanistan is a Federal Republic. The country is divided into 7 divisions. The capital is Dhaka. Bangladesh is a Parliamentary Democracy. The Legislative branch is made up of the Jatiya Sangsad or the National Parliament.

8. Society Functions PakistanIndiaBangladeshAfghanistan PakistanIndiaAfghanistanBangladesh Population: 196,174,380 Punjabis make the largest ethnic group in Pakistan of about 44.68% and Punjabi is largest spoken language of the entire population. Muslims make up 96.4% of the population. Being a Muslim country, Islam is followed thoroughly in the country. Holidays are observed in the respect of the Islamic events and festivals. Population: 1,236,344,631 Indo-Aryans make up 72% of the ethnic groups. 41% of the population speaks Hindi, and 80.5% of the population is made up by Hindus. Muslims make up 13.4% of the population. The caste system still plays role in the Indian society, mainly in Hinduism. Individuals are also ranked according to their wealth and power, the wealthier the more the power and say in politics. Accords of behavior and status vary region by region. Population: 31,822,848 Pashtuns make up about 42% of the Afghan population. Marriages are usually arranged and due to extremist interpretation of the Islamic law women are not educated much. Male dominate the society and the household. Women must maintain their honor and respect in the society, once the respect is lost, a woman can face serious consequences. Women are also suppose to cover to the maximum. Population: 166,280,712 Bengalis make the largest ethnic group and Muslims makeup slightly less than 90% of the population of Bangladesh. 90% of the population of Bangladesh lives in the rural areas. Landowners and peasants makeup the largest part of the population. Islam being the most followed religion makes the bases of the life of the Bangladeshis.

9. Economy PakistanIndiaAfghanistanBangladesh Internal political issues and low foreign investment have resulted in a slow growing and an underdeveloped economy. Agriculture and textile export are main players of the Pakistani economy. Inflation has led to a major increase in food prices which is directly proportional to the increase in poverty. The Pakistani rupee has devalued more than 40% since 2007. Energy crisis is the major reason for the low growth of the economy, it has led to a major decline in industries and output. India is one of the world’s fastest developing economies with a population of over a billion people. India is developing into an open-market economy. Services are the major source of the economy, making up about two-thirds of the economy. Having the second largest English- speaking population India is progressing rapidly in the technology sector. Privatization of state-owned enterprises have contributed to India’s large economy. Afghanistan has faced decades of conflict due to the Soviet Union, Taliban takeover, and then the War on Terror. The economy is improving but is still very slow. The country is extremely poor, suffers from shortage of housing, clean water, electricity, jobs, and medical care. The country depends heavily on foreign aid. GDP – per capita (PPP): $1,100 Hand-woven rugs are the major export of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is an agricultural country famous for its dry fruit production. Bangladesh has had a growth rate of about 6% over the years even due to scare and inefficient resources. About of half of the population is in agriculture, the most important product being rice. Garment export is the backbone of the Bangladeshi industrial sector covering over 80% of the total exports. Overseas Bangladeshis play the most important part in contributing towards the account surplus and foreign exchange holdings.

10. Religious Differences PakistanIndiaBangladeshAfghanistan Majority of people in Pakistan are Muslims. Pakistan is based on the basis of Islam, and that still happens. Muslims celebrate a lot of different and diverse events from Eid to Easter to 23rd March. India is identified as the origin and the birthplace of Hinduism and Buddhism. Indians who accepted Buddhist philosophy spread it not only within the Indian sub- continent but also other kingdoms east and south of India. Today Indian religion is divided in different sects, based on beliefs and class. The majority of Bangladeshis are Muslim. The major religions in this country include, Islam and Hindu. Islam is a part of everyday life in all parts of the country, and nearly every village has at least a small mosque and an imam. The majority of Afghans (99%) are Muslims; about 84% of them are Sunnis, and about 15% are Shias. Sunnis and Shias recognize the authority of the Quran and respect the five pillars of Islam. Although, relationship between these two sects are tense and distant. A very small percentage of people are Hindus, Sikhs, Jews or of other religions.

11. Architecture PakistanIndiaAfghanistanBangladesh After the independence of Pakistan, new architecture was built. Modern structures include; Faisal Mosque Minar-e-Pakistan Mazar-e-Quaid, The structures were greatly influenced by those who were ruling the country; each ruling party brought a new design. The most famous architecture of India is TajMahal built by a Mughal Emperor. The structure has touch of multiple countries including Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Islamic and Indian architectural styles. Ajanta Caves are another example of Indian Architecture, which are 29-rock cut cave monuments. Indian architecture has been affected by numerous invaders who have brought different styles from their mother lands. The earliest known examples of architectural pursuits in Bangladesh, lie at Mahasthangarh and reflect the golden age of ancient architecture. The architecture of Bangladesh provides an insight to a wide range of heritage and history. Architectural pieces of this time include; Lalbagh fort The Parliament Building (Jatiyo Sangsad) Bangabandhu International Conference Center Afghanistan contains architectural remnants of all ages, including Greek and Buddhist shrines/reliquaries and monasteries, arches, monuments, intricate Islamic minarets (the tall, slender towers on mosques), temples and forts. Among the most famous sites are the great mosques of Herat and Mazar-e Sharif; the 1000-year-old Great Arch of Qal'eh- ye Bost;.

12. Trade & Commerce PakistanIndiaAfghanistanBangladesh Exports: $17.87 billion (2009 est.): textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs. Imports: $28.31 billion (2009 est.): petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea. Major trading partners: U.S., UAE, UK, Germany, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Kuwait (2004). For decades after the independence in 1947, India embarked on a program of national economic self- sufficiency and this program included import substitution policies. By 1991, the sluggish economy combined with the forces of globalization led to a more open economy. The value of trade between the EU and India grew from €28.6 billion in 2003, to €72.7 billion in 2013. Exports: $23.86 billion (2011 est.): garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood (2001). Imports: $31.75 billion (2011 est.): machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement (2000). Major trading partners: U.S., Germany, UK, France, Italy, India, China, Singapore, Kuwait, Japan, Hong Kong (2004). Exports: $376 million; not including prohibited exports or re-exports (2012): opium, fruits and nuts, hand-woven carpets, wool, cotton, precious and semiprecious gems. Imports: $6.39 billion (2012): capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products. Major trading partners: Pakistan, India, U.S., Germany, Russia, China, Tajikistan.

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