1. Fungi and Their Symbiotic Relations
By Neal Amanda and Danielle

2. Lichen Symbiosis
Lichen: A symbiotic relationship between algae a hyphae of a fungus.
- Algae provides food for hyphae through photosynthesis
Hyphae provides a suitable environment for the algae to survive
Soredia: algae embedded in clustered hyphae

3. Bioindicators Bioindicator: Organisms that react to pollutants
- Lichens act as bioindicators for air pollution
They react mainly to sulfur dioxide.
The death of lichens provides warning of deteriorating air quality

4. Mycorhizzae Symbiosis
Two Structures:
endomycorrhizas: penetrates root cell membrane
ectomycorrhizas: attaches to tip of root
ectomycorrhiza structure
endomycorrhiza structure

5. Importance of Presence of Mycorhizzae
hyphae increases surface area of root exponentially
fungus takes up phosphate ions plant roots alone cannot
produces enzymes to digest soil
plants more resistant to disease

6. Molds
-Mold consists of filamentous cells called hyphae - Mold reproduce asexually through Spores Types of Molds: Allergenic- produce allergic reactions Pathogenic- produce infections Toxigenic- produce mycotoxins

7. Molds cont.
-Molds secrete natural substances that kill and resist some kinds of bacteria and are usable to create antibiotics for humans -Certain molds can secrete harmful substances that can be allergenic, toxic or harmful to a human’s respiratory system -Mold can be ingested in food or it’s harmful excrements can be inhaled through the air