1. Proteins : what’s so special about them? Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., DNA rules Publishing Today, we’ve got 3 main goals…. 1.What are Proteins made of? 2.What gives Proteins their characteristics? 3.What are some of the major functions of proteins?

2. So, our first goal… What are Proteins made of?

3. Proteins are polymers - what does that mean? Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., Three strikes and you’re out Publishing

4. Amino Acids (AA) are the monomers of Proteins. There are 22 different kinds of AA, but only 20 different kinds are used in making proteins They have weird names like…. Methionine Isoluciene Histidine Threonine Glutamine Glenn AA are bonded to other AA by “peptide bonds” What are the monomers of Proteins? Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., Don’t pick your nose Publishing

5. We have the ability to make 12 of the 20 amino acids needed to build proteins However, there are 8 that we must consume…. Phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, leucine, and lysine. If a protein we consume contains all of these amino acids for us to use, it is considered a “complete protein”. What is an “essential Amino Acid”? Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., Biology is your favorite class Publishing

6. Three parts of an amino acid… 1. Carboxyl group 2. Amino group 3. Side group The side group is what makes amino acids different from each other! AA are bonded to other AA by dehydration synthesis, making “peptide bonds” A bit about Amino Acids… Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., Tell Glenn to shand up Publishing

7. Dehydration Synthesis…. Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., Bring me Macaroons Publishing Peptide bond Water is given off!

8. The Amino Acids (AA) are arranged in a long chain, then the chain folds. This new shape enables it to function. AA Peptide Bonds! This whole thing would be a Protein!! Sometimes known as a “Poly Peptide”… Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., wow we’ve got a lot of plants in here Publishing

9. Important concept alert!!! Every protein can only fold a specific way, so if you need a specific type of fold (for a specific function or ability), you have to make a specific type of protein!! Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., what did you pack for lunch today Publishing

10. Now, our second goal… What gives Proteins their characteristics? In other words: what enables proteins to fold certain ways?

11. 1.Which Amino acids you use. 2.The order of amino acids you use. 3.How many amino acids you use. These three things are what mainly determine a protein’s characteristics! If YOU were to build a protein model (stick a bunch of AA together to create a protein), what could you do that would make your protein unique compared to everyone else’s?? Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., three day weekend Publishing

12. Example of how one small difference can cause HUGE changes… Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., okay I’m out of ideas Publishing Hemoglobin - an important protein used by red blood cells to transport Oxygen throughout the body. It is 146 Amino Acids long!! BUT, If you replace Glutamic acid (AA) with Valine (AA) at the sixth position, the hemoglobin cannot fold correctly. This ultimately causes red blood cells to have a funky shape…. Sickle Cell Anemia Normal

13. The type of Amino Acids make the protein unique the number of Amino Acids make the protein unique the order of Amino Acids make the protein unique So, to recap…. Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., Seriously, quit looking here Publishing

14. What do you think determines the order, number, and type of amino acids used by the ribosome to build proteins??? DNA!! We’ll talk about that next week, but first we have to get to our third goal…. Big Question… Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., I hope this day never ends Publishing

15. Now, our Third goal for today… What are some of the major functions of proteins?

16. Actin and Myosin Create the structures in muscle cells that allow contraction Check out this sarcomere 1. Movement Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., pay attention Publishing

17. Collagen Most abundant protein in the body. Forms connective fibers like ligaments, tendons, cartilage, etc. 2. Structure Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., whats hanging out of your ear Publishing

18. Keratin Hair, horns, feathers Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., quit picking your nose Publishing

19. Elastin Strength and flexibility in your skin Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., this guy is gross Publishing

20. Catalase and H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide!) 3. Biochemical Control Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., this is the 20 th slide Publishing Enzymes Reduce the amount of activation energy needed for chemical reactions What would the result of using enzymes be compared to not using enzymes? MORE chemical reactions using LESS energy Important for efficiency and homeostasis

21. Within body Hemoglobin Moves Oxygen (O 2 ) throughout the body Red blood cells are FILLLED with hemoglobin!! 4. Transport Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., have you seriously not noticed this yet Publishing

22. Cellular level Carrier/transport proteins for cell transport Aquaporin Do you remember? Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., quit reading this and get focused Publishing

23. Casein A protein that is use as a “storage” molecule for all the amino acids needed to pass on to offspring through milk 5. Storage Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., animal noises are fun Publishing

24. Hormones!! Important in homeostasis Used to signal cell to cell Send messages throughout the body Produced by glands Insulin Regulates blood sugar level Diabetes 6. Regulation Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., Biology is the whip Publishing

25. Antibodies Cover receptor sites on bacteria/viruses Prevents them from attaching to YOUR cells! Clumps them together so HUGE white blood cells can engulf and destroy them in large numbers Can you name this process of engulfing them in large numbers????? Endocytosis - Phagocytosis! 7. Defense Copyright © 2009 Ekis, Inc., kitty cats are my friends Publishing