1. + DATES TO KNOW: Tomorrow: Europe & Russia map quiz! Open-map: physical features, cities, climate regions Closed-map: countries & capitals Helpful link: lizardpoint.com/geography Latin America test corrections: Wednesday PM: 2:45-whenever Thursday AM: 6:50-7:20 Thursday PM: 2:45-whenever Europe & Russia test: Tuesday, December 9 Will be moved to 12/10 if permitted Test reviews will be passed out this Friday! Extra credit due Friday, December 12!

3. + Set 1: Europe in Spatial Terms farthest north and east: Russia farthest west : Iceland between Germany and Belarus : Poland between Portugal and France : Spain **(would also accept Andorra) between Germany, Poland, Austria, and Slovakia: Czech Rep. between Norway and Finland: Sweden

4. + Kiev, Ukraine is south of St. Petersburg, Russia. Volgograd, Russia is east of Paris, France. Oslo, Norway is west of Helsinki, Finland. Berlin, Germany is north of Naples, Italy. Liverpool, England is east of Dublin, Ireland. Bucharest, Romania is south of Tallinn, Estonia.

5. + Set 2: Europe’s place, regions & landscapes Which half has more land of low elevation? East Which half includes a greater number of large islands? West Which half has the larger number of mountain ranges? West Which half has the Northern European Plain? Both Which half has land below sea level? both

6. + Netherlands: Protecting the land 25% of the land is below sea level They use dikes—or large banks of earth and stone—to hold water back Dikes  new land recreated/reclaimed from the sea called POLDERS that are kept dry through the use of windmills Windmills are now being considered to produce electricity for the country.

7. + Vacation Advice Where would you send a person who liked to sail—France, Austria, or Belarus? France Where would you send a mountain climber—Ireland, Lithuania, or Switzerland? Switzerland Where would you send someone who loves warm weather— Finland, Latvia, or Spain? Spain

8. + Set 3: Western Europe These are the islands that make up the British Isles. Great Britain & Ireland These former autonomous countries now make up the United Kingdom. Scotland, England, NORTHERN Ireland & Wales This is the largest country in Western Europe. France These are the 3 smallest countries in Western Europe. Andorra, Liechtenstein & Luxembourg (technically Vatican City could go here too) This country is east of the UK and north of Belgium. Netherlands

10. + Western Europe Now list the large bodies of water around Western Europe. ocean: Atlantic Ocean sea south of France: Mediterranean Sea sea east of Great Britain: North Sea narrow water separating Spain from Morocco: Strait of Gibraltar

12. + Central Europe Use pages 70 & 71 in the Desk Atlas. Draw lines across the two columns to connect countries that share a border. A. GermanyA. Romania B. ItalyB. Macedonia C. GreeceC. Poland D. HungaryD. Slovenia

13. + Central Europe This country borders Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Slovakia This country is just south of Slovakia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary This country is surrounded by Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro. Bosnia-Herzegovina This island nation is off the coast of Italy. Malta The Danube River flows through these countries. Germany. Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Ukraine

14. + Eastern Europe What region of Russia is still fighting for its independence? Chechnya What year was the Soviet Union established? 1922 What year did it dissolve? 1991 What is the dividing point between European and Asia Russia? Ural Mountains List the former Soviet republics (p.368—15 countries). Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Estonia, Russia, Latvia & Lithuania

16. + Thematic Maps The land use across the largest amount of Europe’s land. Commercial Farming The physical region of Europe with the most nomadic herding Scandinavia/ northern Europe The region of Europe with the smallest populations. Northern Europe The region of Europe with the largest populations. Western Europe The two largely used navigable rivers in Europe Rhine & Danube The busiest river in Europe. Rhine

17. + Thematic Maps The two countries included in the Iberian Peninsula. Spain & Portugal The number of countries in the European Union. 28 The percentage of wheat imports in Russia. 4% The mountain range that serves as a continental boundary between Europe & Asia. Ural Mountains

18. + Most of Europe has an annual precipitation of 20 to 40 inches. There are dry areas of 0 to 20 inches in the northern and southeastern parts of the continent, and in the countries of Kazakhstan and Russia. The rainiest part of Europe is on the west coast of Norway. That area gets over 80 inches of precipitation per year.

19. + Physical Geo of Russia

20. + The Land Russia is a large country that is located in Europe and Asia. Russia is so long that it spans 11 time zones. Bitterly cold temps are found in Russia—can get down to -90°F! The dividing line between Europe and Asia is the Ural Mountains.

21. + The Land

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23. + Mountains & Plateaus Ural Mountains: Europe & Asia border, longest mountain range in Russia Rich in iron ore, mineral fuels (oil & natural gas) Central Siberian Plateau: natural boundary between Russia & China (S) Caucusus Mountains: located in-between the Caspian & Black Seas Kamchatka Peninsula: more than 100 volcanoes, 23+ are active. Sits along Ring of Fire! The part of Russia located in Asia is called Siberia. This area is isolated, sparsely populated, and extremely cold in the winter time.

24. + The Ring of Fire

25. + The Land: Northern European Plain Extends into Western Russia from Europe Divided into two: North: very flat & poorly drained, which causes swamps & lakes South: navigable waterways and has chernozem, or a rich black soil that supports wheat, barley, rye, oats & other crops Supports about 75% of the population of Russia Includes Moscow (capital city) & St. Petersburg (major port city— located next to Baltic Sea)

26. + The Land Comparison of arable land The United States173,450 India160,519 China142,615 Russia122,559 * unit in thousands of hectares Arable land is land that can be used for farming.

27. + The Seas & Lakes Russia has the longest coastline of anywhere in the world, but most ocean ports are frozen year-round  TRADE IS DIFFICULT HERE! (but not impossible) Black Sea Provides Russia with warm-water outlet to Aegean and Mediterranean Seas through: Bosperous Strait Sea of Mamara Dardanelles Great fishing industry!! Caspian Sea: Largest inland body of water on Earth, actually a saltwater lake Has evaporated over time, shrunk. Oil reserves been found here!

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30. + The Seas & Lakes Lake Baikal Located in Siberia--- Europe or Asia? Deepest freshwater lake in the world, #3 largest lake in Asia Contains about 20% of Earth’s total supply of freshwater Purity (cleanliness) of the lake has been threatened because of pollution from nearby factories 

31. + Rivers Many of Russia’s ocean ports are frozen for many months of the year—why important? What do rivers provide? Irrigation Transportation routes Electric power Most rivers located in Siberia, but only 25% of the population lives here. People in Siberia have abundant supply of freshwater, while European side faces shortages or problems with quality

32. + Rivers Volga River Fourth-longest in Russia Connects Moscow to the Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea Also connects to Baltic Sea through canals, so Russia has a water route to N. Europe Provides HYDROELECTRIC POWER and water for drinking and irrigation Amur River: Siberia forms part of the border between Russia and China. Areas located along this are warmer than the rest of Siberia because it is influenced by summer Monsoon winds of SE Some rivers flow northward to the Arctic Ocean (Ob, Irtysh, Yensiey, Lena)

34. + Natural Resources Russia’s resources are difficult to find because of it’s harsh climate— most are in remote areas Some resources: Petroleum 16% of coal reserves Nickel, aluminum, gemstones, sulfur Rivers make Russia a leading producer in HYDROELECTRIC POWER! Forests in Russia (1/5 worldwide!) allows for a high supply of timber  deforestation & shrinkage of the Russian forests Fishing is a big deal here, too—have access to fish from Pacific AND Arctic Oceans

35. + Climate and Vegetation Russia is in the middle & high latitudes but it is not warmed by ocean currents & wind currents like Europe so it is MUCH colder Tundra has short grasses, lichens, mosses, small shrubs, and flowers in the summer time but underneath the tundra there is permafrost (permanently frozen subsoil). Western Russia has a humid continental climate zone but most of Siberia has a subarctic climate zone. The northern part of Russia is tundra.

37. + Tundra http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org

38. + Steppe