2. APUSH: Unit 7, Lecture 1 (covers Chapter 24) Ms. Kray

3.  Not all returning soldiers could find jobs ◦ Those who did often took them from women and African Americans  U.S farmers suffered falling prices  Consumers went on a buying spree leading to inflation  1919-1921  RECESSION!!!

4.  Causes: ◦ Widespread unhappiness w/peace process ◦ Bolshevik Revolution fueled growing U.S. fears of socialism ◦ Anti-German hysteria of WWI turned into anti-communist hysteria

6.  Series of unexplained bombings led Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to create a special office to investigate radicals  Also ordered mass arrests of anarchists, Socialists, and labor agitators ◦ Nov 1919- Jan 1920  6,000 people arrested ◦ 500 departed, including Emma Goldman  “May Day Riots,” 1920  never happened ◦ Hurt Palmer’s credibility

7. Palmer Raids, 1919-1920

8.  Feb. 1919  Shipyard Workers Strike, Seattle ◦ 60,000 unionists demanded higher pay ◦ Troops were called out, but no violence  Sept 1919  Boston Policeman’s Strike ◦ Protesting firing of officers who tried to unionize ◦ Gov. Calvin Coolidge sent in the National Guard  Sept 1919  U.S. Steel Corporation Strike ◦ State and federal troops called out, considerable violence  Traditional anti-union feeling + fear of socialist revolution = further turned U.S. public against unions

9.  Migration of blacks to northern cities during the war increased racial tensions ◦ Whites resented competition for jobs ◦ Racial violence and lynching on the rise  1917  East St. Louis ◦ Largest race riot during WWI  1919  Chicago ◦ 40 people killed ◦ 500 injured  Revealed to African Americans that life in the North was no better

10. “A retreat from Progressivism or an extension of reform?”

11.  Warren G. Harding (R) ◦ Won Election of 1920 in a landslide ◦ His victory signaled the idealism and activism of the Progressive Era was over  Conservative Republicans back in power ◦ Disillusionment over the war allowed their return ◦ Controlled the Presidency and the Congress through much of the 1920s ◦ Progressive Republican like TR are gone

12.  Republicans believed the nation would benefit if business and the pursuit of profits took the lead in developing the economy ◦ Preached a return to laissez-faire ◦ But accepted the idea of limited government regulation to aid in businesses  Progressive Era regulatory commissions administered by appointees sympathetic to big business’ interests

13.  Harding was likeable but not very smart, nor a good leader  Hoped to make up for his shortcomings by appointing qualified men to his cabinet ◦ Charles Evan Hughes  Sec. of State ◦ Andrew Mellon  Sec. of Treasury ◦ Herbert Hoover  Sec. of Commerce ◦ Taft  Chief Justice of Supreme Court  But not all his choices were good ones ◦ Harry M. Daugherty  Attorney General ◦ Albert B. Fall  Sec. of the Interior

14.  Congress discovered Fall had accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming  Harding died before these scandals broke

15.  VP Calvin Coolidge finished off the final year of Harding’s presidency and easily won the election.

17.  “The Business of America is Business” ◦ Believed in limited government ◦ Gave businesses free reign ◦ Cut government spending to the bone  Important vetoes ◦ Bonus Bill for WWI veterans ◦ McNary-Haugen Bill which offered price supports to help struggling farmers cope with falling crop prices

18.  Smith was a Catholic and opposed Prohibition  Republicans boasted about “Coolidge Prosperity”

19.  Hoover won in a landslide and even took electoral votes in the South

20. “A business person’s paradise or an economic dirge?”

21.  1919-1921  Recession  1922-1928  Economic Prosperity ◦ Unemployment was low ◦ Standard of living improved ◦ Indoor plumbing and central heating became commonplace ◦ Two-thirds of homes had electricity by 1930 ◦ Real income increased for middle & working class ◦ 40% of family incomes still in poverty range  October 1929  Stock Market Crash ◦ Great Depression begins

22.  Increased productivity ◦ F.W. Taylor’s scientific management ◦ Ford’s assembly line ◦ 1919-1929  64% rise in manufacturing  Increased use of oil and electricity  Government Policy ◦ Gov’t at all levels favored the growth of big business ◦ Offered corporate tax cuts ◦ No longer enforced antitrust laws

23.  1916-1918  Best years for farmers ◦ Wartime demand kept prices high ◦ U.S. gov’t wartime policy guaranteed minimum price for wheat and corn  When the war ended, so did the prosperity ◦ Farmers borrowed heavily to expand during the war now left with large debt ◦ Improved technology increased productivity  ◦ Surpluses of crows led to ever falling prices

24.  Wages rose during the 1920s but union membership declined 20%, why? ◦ Companies insisted on open shop ◦ Companies practice welfare capitalism – offered employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to remove need for unions  Union efforts at strikes usually failed ◦ In the South  textile industrialists used police, state militias, and local mobs to break strikes ◦ Conservative courts routinely issues injunctions against strikes and nullified labor laws

25. “Was the so-called ‘Jazz Age’ a time of carefree fun or insecurity?”

26.  1920 Census  for the 1 st time more than 50% of Americans lived in cities  Jazz music became the symbol of the “new” and “modern” culture of the cites  This was city culture was increasingly at odds with strict religious and moral codes of rural America

27.  Advertising expanded consumers’ desire and demand for new products  Electricity in homes enabled millions of Americans to purchase new consumer appliances  Buying on credit made everything affordable

28.  By the end of the 1920s there was an average of nearly one car per family ◦ Automobiles replaced the railroad industry as the key promoter of economic growth  Socially the automobile affected all that Americans did ◦ Shopping ◦ Traveling for pleasure ◦ Commuting to war ◦ Dating ◦ New issues too: traffic jams, accidents, etc.

30.  First talking picture

31.  In an earlier era, politicians like William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson had been popularly viewed as heroic figures  In the 1920s they looked to the sports pages and movie screens

36.  Division among Protestants reflected the tensions in society between traditional and modern values.Modernism Took a historical and critical view of the BibleTook a historical and critical view of the Bible Could accept Darwin’s theory of evolution without abandoning religious faithCould accept Darwin’s theory of evolution without abandoning religious faithFundamentalism Bible was the literal word of God, not open to interpretationBible was the literal word of God, not open to interpretation Prominent in rural areasProminent in rural areas

37.  Ever since the Great Awakenings there had been religious revivals in America  1920s Revivalisism ◦ preached a fundamentalist message ◦ but used the new instrument of mass communication  the RADIO!!!

38.  Scorned religion  Bitterly condemned the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetrated by money interests  Disliked the materialism and what they felt was the “shallow,” business-oriented nature of the 1920s  Many chose to leave the country and live in Europe

39.  F. Scott Fitzgerald  Ernest Hemingway  Sinclair Lewis  Ezra Pound  T.S. Eliot  Eugene O’Neil

40.  By 1930  20% of African-Americans lived in the North and migration continued from the South  Celebrated black culture  “Black is Beautiful”

41.  Countee Cullen - author  Langston Hughes - author  James Weldon Johnson - author Claude McKay - author  Duke Ellington - musician  Louis Armstrong - musician  Bessie Smith - musician

42.  Advocated individual and racial pride for African Americans  Developed political ideas of black nationalism  Favored ◦ Black separatism ◦ Economic self-sufficiency ◦ Back-to-Africa Movement

43. “Was this an age of unlawful protest or legal repression?”

44.  At issue  traditional vs. modern values  John T. Scopes arrested for teaching evolution in a classroom in Tennessee ◦ Guest Prosecutor: William Jennings Bryan ◦ Defensive: ACLU hired famed defense lawyer Clarence Darrow  The verdict: Scopes found guilty & fined $100 ◦ Verdict was later overturned

45.  Rural vs. Urban Values ◦ Republicans generally supported ◦ Democrats were divided  18 th Amendment passed  Volstead Act  federal law enforcing Prohibition  People in cities openly defied the law  21 st Amendment repealed it

46.  Post-WWI yrs.  spike in immigration ◦ 1919-1921- 1 million foreigners entered the U.S. ◦ “new immigrants” ◦ Workers feared competition for jobs  1921  1 st Quota Act passed ◦ Limited immigration to 3% of the # of foreign-born persons from a given nation counted in 1910 census  1924  National Origins Act passed ◦ Set quota at 2% based on 1890 census ◦ Designed to keep “new immigrants” out ◦ Canada & Mexico exempt

47. “The Only Way to Handle It”

48.  Sign of rising nativism

49.  Most extreme expression of nativism ◦ Gained enormous influence ◦ Claimed to be defenders of traditonal American values  1925  5 million members ◦ Used modern advertising techniques ◦ “klegling”

50. “Are the twenties best remembered as a period of isolation or one of internationalism?”

51. Collective security Collective security “Wilsonianism” “Wilsonianism” Business interests Business interests Isolationism Isolationism Nativists Nativists Anti-War movement Anti-War movement Conservative Republicans Conservative Republicans InterventionismIsolationism

52.  1919  U.S. refused to join the League of Nations ◦ Widespread disillusionment about WWI ◦ Americans feared being pulled into another war  The mood was clearly isolationist and yet our actions were not ◦ actively pursued arrangements in foreign affairs that would advance U.S. interests and maintain world peace

53. 5 Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States. 5 Goals  naval disarmament and stabilizethe political situation in the Far East.

54. 5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: US Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 5 Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines]. 5 Loophole  no restrictions on small warships

55. 5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy. 5 62 nations signed. 5 Problems  no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

56.  U.S. used diplomacy to advance American business interests abroad  1927  Mexico ◦ Mexico’s constitution mandated gov’t ownership of mineral & oil resources ◦ Pres. Coolidge negotiated a peaceful resolution to protect American interests  Middle East ◦ Sec. of State Hughes succeeded in winning oil rights for U.S. companies

57.  Increased duties on foreign goods by 25%  Europeans responded with tariffs of their own  These obstacles to international trade weakened the world economy

58.  Pre-WWI the U.S. had been a debtor nation  Post-WWI the U.S. is a creditor nation ◦ Allies own $10 billion ◦ Harding and Coolidge insist Britain and France pay back every penny  Britain and France irritated ◦ High tariff policy made it difficult to repay debts ◦ Squeezed Germany for faster repayment of reparations ◦ Germany was bankrupt, had soaring inflation, and was near anarchy

60. 2. Germany could then make reparations payments to Britain and France 3. Britain and France could then use the money to pay the U.S. back for their war debts 1. The U.S. would loan money to Germany LEGACY: Entire situation left bad feelings all around.