1. Ecosystem ecology Ekin Masitoh Shahida Mahfudzah Pauline Keok

2. 1. Succession 2. Biogeochemical cycles a) hydrologic cycle b) nutrient cycle c) sedimentary cycle 3. The flow of energy through ecosystems 4. Trophic levels 5. Food chains and food webs 6. Ecological pyramids 7. Effect of man on ecosystem a) exploitation and conservation b) pollution

3. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Ecological succession -Observed process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. -Changing sequence of communities that live in an ecosystem during a given time period. Types of succession Primary Secondary Cyclic

4. PRIMARY SUCCESSION Soil depths increase due to decomposition of plant matter and there is a gradual increase of species diversity in the ecosystem. Changing sequence of communities from the first biological occupation of a place where previously there were no living beings.

5. Represent the different stages of primary succession I. Bare rocks II. Pioneers like moss and lichen III. Annual plants IV. Perennial plants and grasses V. Shrubs VI. Shade intolerant trees VII. Shade tolerant trees

6. SECONDARY SUCCESSION Changing sequence of communities from the substitution of community by a new one in a given place. Series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed o damaged habitat. After felling trees in a woodland, land clearance or a fire.

7. SECONDARY SUCCESSION 1. Stable deciduous forest community 2. Disturbance(wild fire,destroys the forest. 3. Fire burns the forest. 4. Fire leaves behind empty,not destroyed,soil. 5. Grasses,herbaceous plant grow back first. 6. Small bushes & trees begin to colonize the area. 7. Fast growing evergreen trees develop to their fullest 8. Shade intolerant evergreen trees die as larger decious trees overtop them.

8. CYCLICAL SUCCESSION When a community is changed by recurring events or changing interactions with species of plant or animals. Example of this is the repeated fire cycles of the coastal chaparral ecosystem of california.

9. Biogeochemical cycles Is a pathway by which achemical substance move through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic(lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere) compartments of earth. A cycle is a series of change which comes back to the starting point and can be repeated.

10. Hydrologic cycle Describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth. Water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from ocean to atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow. Involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe.

11. Nutrient cycle The movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter. Nutrient cycle is more often used in direct reference to the idea of an intra-system cycle, where an ecosystem functions as a unit.

12. Sedimentary cycle Which comprises the weathering of an existing rock, followed by the erosion of minerals, their transport and deposition, then burial. The more sedimentary cycles that a sediment has passed through, the more mature it will become and will be dominated by well- rounded, resistant minerals

13. The flow of energy through ecosystem From of carbon-carbon Respiration : carbon-carbon bonds are broken, carbon combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide This process releases energy, used by the organism ( to move its muscles, digest food, excrete wastes, think, etc.) Energy may be lost as heat

14. What are trophic levels ?

15. Trophic levels are the levels within the food chain where an organism obtains its energy. In other words, they are organized by who eats whom, and this classification system is called a food chain. A food chain is a sequence of organisms that feed on each other. Although the design of a food chain can vary by ecosystem, all food chains are made up of the same basic trophic levels.

16. ENERGY TRANSFER Each time an organisms eats another organisms, energy transfer occurs. Food chains, food webs, and trophic levels tell us how energy transfer occurs. Each step in the chains or webs represent the transfer of energy. Each time energy is transferred from one level to another, some energy is lost as heat and less energy is available for organisms at the next level.

17. SUNSUN SUNSUN WATERWATER WATERWATER DECOMPOSE R FUNGI NUTRIENSNUTRIENS

18. Consumers Organisms which eat other organisms to obtain energy. 1. Primary Consumer: eats producers 2. Secondary Consumer: eats primary consumers. 3. Tertiary Consumer: eat secondary consumers 4. Quaternary Consumer: Eat Tertiary consumers

19. Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers10,000 kcal 1,000 kcal 100 kcal 10 kcal

20. Food chains and Food webs All living things need food to give them the energy to grow and move. A food chain shows how each living thing gets its food. A food chain is also the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community (an ecosystem) to obtain nutrition. Food chains vary in length from three to six or more levels. What is food chain? All living things need food to give them the energy to grow and move. A food chain shows how each living thing gets its food. A food chain is also the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community (an ecosystem) to obtain nutrition. Food chains vary in length from three to six or more levels.

21. - A network of many food chains is called a food web.It is made up of two or more interconnected food chains. -A food web shows the food relationships among organisms in a community. What is food web? - A network of many food chains is called a food web. It is made up of two or more interconnected food chains. -A food web shows the food relationships among organisms in a community.

23. Ecological Pyramids An ecological pyramid is an illustration of the reduction in energy as you move through each feeding (trophic) level in an ecosystem. An ecological pyramid is an illustration of the reduction in energy as you move through each feeding (trophic) level in an ecosystem. Ecological pyramids begin with producers on the bottom (such as plants) and proceed through the various trophic levels (such as herbivores that eat plants, then carnivores that eat herbivores, then carnivores that eat those carnivores, and so on). The highest level is the top of the food chain. Ecological pyramids begin with producers on the bottom (such as plants) and proceed through the various trophic levels (such as herbivores that eat plants, then carnivores that eat herbivores, then carnivores that eat those carnivores, and so on). The highest level is the top of the food chain. Too pack with text

24. The pyramids are a graphical representation which depicts the number of organisms, biomass and productivity at each trophic level. The pyramids are a graphical representation which depicts the number of organisms, biomass and productivity at each trophic level. The pyramids are a graphical representation which depicts the number of organisms, biomass and productivity at each trophic level. The pyramids are a graphical representation which depicts the number of organisms, biomass and productivity at each trophic level. There are 3 types of ecological pyramids as described as follows: Pyramid of energy Pyramid of numbers Pyramid of biomass.

25. Effect of man on ecosystem Exploitation Overlogging and illegal logging for timber. Illegal poaching and excessive hunting. Fish bombing. Conservation In situ conservation Ex situ conservation Pollution Air pollution Water pollution Sound pollution

26. That all... Thank you...