1. Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature

2. 1.Leading-inLeading-in 2.Text AnalysisText Analysis 3.Language PointsLanguage Points 4.Presentation and ExercisesPresentation and Exercises Text A The Icy Defender

3. Lead-in 1.Background InformationBackground Information 2.DiscussionDiscussion

4. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821): emperor of the French, who consolidated and institutionalized many reforms of the French Revolution. One of the greatest military commanders of all time, he conquered the larger part of Europe. Background Information

5. In 1812 Napoleon lost half a million men when he invaded Russia in winter, and in 1814 the British, Russians, Prussians and Austrians entered Paris. They sent Napoleon to rule the island of Elba in the Mediterranean, but he collected an army around him and returned to Paris.

6. Adolf Hitler (1889 – 1945): German political and military leader and one of the 20th century’s most powerful dictators. Hitler converted Germany into a fully militarized society and launched World war II in 1939.

7. He made anti-Semitism a keystone of his propaganda and policies and built the Nazi Party into a mass movement. He hoped to conquer the entire world, and for a time dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa. He instituted sterilization and euthanasia measures to enforce his idea of racial purity among the German people and slaughtered millions of Jews, Sinti and Roma (Gypsies), Slavic peoples, and many others, all of whom he considered inferior.

9. Discussion 1.In what way was Hitler’s offensive against the Soviet Union similar to Napoleons’ campaign against Russia? In what way were they different? 2. Do you think the harsh Russian winter the only factor that led to Napoleon’s and Hitler’s defeat? Why or why not?

10. Text Analysis Part Division Comprehension

11. PartsParagraphsMain Ideas Part 1Par. 1-2 Introduction — Both Napoleon ’ s and Hitler ’ s military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Part 2Par. 3-11 Napoleon ’ s military campaign against Russia Part 3Par. 12-20 Hitler ’ s military campaign against the Soviet Union Part 4Par. 21 Conclusion — The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Part Division

12. Comprehension 1.What does “the icy defender” refer to? 2.What did Napoleon expect when he assembled his army to attack Russia? 3.What did the Russians do in the face of Napoleon’s offensive? What strategy did the Russians adopt?

13. 4. What did Napoleon discover after he occupied Moscow? 5. What happened to Napoleon’s army when it was retreating from Moscow? 6. How many soldiers were there left after the army limped to Vilna? 7. What did Napoleon do when Paris was captured?

14. Language Points 1. VocabularyVocabulary 2. SentencesSentences

15. Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets. Collocation: launch an attack launch a massive campaign launch a company launch threats at sb. launch into launch: start; send (sth.) on its course

16. campaign : a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular aim Hitler launched a winter campaign in the Soviet Union. Some people complained that too much money had been spent on political campaigns.

17. retreat : move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty The Liberation Army adopted the following strategies in the Liberation War: When the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue. The former star retreated from the public eye.

18. engage : 1) begin fighting with sb.; 2) (cause to) take part in or do; occupy or attract sb.’s interest, etc. The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately. I have no time to engage in gossip. The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation.

19. press on/ahead (with sth) ： continue doing sth. in a determined way Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform. Organizers of the strike are determined to press on.

20. drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously These compensation cases have already dragged on for one year. How much longer is the meeting going to drag on?

21. catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard. The manager didn’t know what to say. It was clear that my question had caught him off guard.

22. render : 1) cause sb. to be in a specified condition (same as make) 2) give sth in return or exchange Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake. Your action has rendered our contract invalid. render good for evil render blow for blow

23. offensive : n. aggressive action, attack Faced with the invasion, they took immediate offensive action. He made crude jokes that are offensive to women. There is an offensive smell in the room. (very unpleasant)

24. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow -- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter. (L4) 1. Analyze the structure of the sentence. “That met him in Moscow” is an attributive clause modifying “the devastating enemy” while “the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter” is in apposition to “the devastating enemy”. 2. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 但他没有料到在莫斯科他会遭遇劲敌 —— 俄罗斯阴冷 凄苦的寒冬。 Sentences

25. Hitler expected a short campaign but, like Napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson. The Russian winter again came to the aid of the Soviet soldiers. (10) 1. What’s the function of “confident of a quick victory” in the sentence? It is an adjective phrase, which serves as an adverbial modifier ( 状语 ), indicating the cause. 2. What can you infer from the sentence about Napoleon’s characters? He is self-confident, but too proud.

26. The Grand Army followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down by slow-moving supply lines. (L22) 1. What is the meaning of “became bogged down”? become/be/get bogged down: be unable to make progress 2. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输 缓慢而停顿下来。

27. Napoleon offered a truce to Alexander I, but the Russian czar knew he could bide his time: “We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us.” (L39) 1. Paraphrase “offered a truce” and “bide his time”. “Offer a truce” means “offer an agreement to stop fighting”. “Bide his time” means “wait patiently for a chance”. 2. Why did the Russian czar say “We shall let the Russian winter fight the war for us”? Because the Russian winter was raw, bitter, bleak and the Grand Army’s supply lines moved slowly, the Russian czar was confident that they would defeat the Grand Army.

28. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against Hitler. (L102) Paraphrase the sentence. In Hitler’s Russian campaign, the battle for Stalingrad was a turning point, from which German troops became weak and was at a dilemma.

29. Presentation and Exercises Words and Phrases to drill 1.The Labor Party’s electoral strategy, which was based on a tactical__with other smaller parties, has proved successful. 2. The New York fire fighters’__deeds in rescuing the September 11 victims were celebrated across the country. 3. By a __of good luck, Carol, who had been buried in the rubble for more than 20 hours, came out alive. 4. My brother was not badly hurt, but he injured his leg and had to __around for a few weeks.

30. 5. The aircraft was subjected to a test of temperatures of __65 degrees Celsius and plus 120 degrees. 6. Tax incentives will be used to attract companies to the western __of our country away from the east coast. 7. The opening speeches sounded more like__of war than offerings of peace. 8. After a three-day __ by the police, the terrorists who had seized the restaurant had to give in.

31. Thank you!