1. Segregation in America Civil War-1950s

2. What Does America Mean? “…the land of the free, and the home of the brave”? “…one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all”? “…all men are created equal…they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights…among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”?

3. The American Dream Each individual creates his own American dream Political, social, economic equality Minority groups have struggled to achieve this equality

4. Citizenship: The Vote… Civil War Ends (1865): African Americans gain rights… -13th Amendment: Abolished slavery -14 th Amendment: Equal protection under law -15th Amendment: The right to vote

5. Social Discrimination: Jim Crow Laws State laws designed to… 1) separate the races in society 2) prevent African-Americans (“Jim Crow”) from gaining power Still legal until 1964-65!!!

6. Vaudeville comedian in “Blackface”.

7. Actual “Jim Crow” Laws: Mississippi: Separate free schools shall be established…unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school. Alabama: …unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards. Georgia: …unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play…within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, …unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race. Florida: All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited.

8. SEGREGATION “separation” in public of different types of people Jim Crow Laws kept blacks and whites segregated

9. Supreme Court Case: Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) Question: Are separate public facilities for blacks and whites Constitutional? Decision: “Separate but Equal”— If separate public facilities are equal for both races, it’s Consitutional This set a precedent (standard)—all court cases that challenged segregation had to meet the standard of “Separate but Equal” Homer Plessy

10. Effects of Decision: Southern states separated all facilities: “Whites Only” or “Colored” “Whites-only” received more state funding “Colored” schools, hospitals, restaurants= poor, run-down “COLORED” “WHITES ONLY”

11. Economic Discrimination: Sharecroppers Post-Civil War: “Freedmen” (former slaves) had no land, no job, no education—only knew farm work “Sharecropping”: Most rural blacks rented land from whites, who charged them for: -rent -tools -seed -mules -house -clothes Whites purposely charged more rent $$$ than freedmen could afford Economic discrimination: Blacks forced to farm for landlord to pay off debt they owed

12. Political Discrimination: Voting Restrictions After 1890, Southern states passed laws to keep African-Americans from voting. 1)Poll Tax: whites could afford to pay, but not African-American sharecroppers 2) Literacy Test: Voters had to read part of the state constitution to prove they could read Blacks got long, complicated sections Not banned by Congress until 1975.

13. Supreme Court Decision: Brown vs. Board of Education (1955) Question: Are separate public schools equal? Decision: "We conclude that the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

14. Effects of the Brown Decision S. Court ordered all public schools to integrate (admit all races) “with all deliberate speed” or else lose gov’t funding Ku Klux Klan membership rose, White Citizens’ Councils were created to oppose integration Southern states passed laws against integrated schools

15. Central High School, Little Rock, AK (1957) First school to test the Brown decision 9 African-American students chosen to attend class at all- white Central High School First day of school: Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus called in the National Guard African-Americans could not enter Central High that day

16. Integration of Central High Gov. Faubus: must protect Arkansas from riots President Eisenhower: must enforce Supreme Court’s (federal government) decision SOLUTION: Eisenhower federalized Ark. Nat’l Guard  drafted them into U.S. Army Also sent U.S. Army to escort the students (“Little Rock Nine”) in Central High each day (bodyguards)

17. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1950s-1960s START: Brown vs. Board of Education (1954, ’55) END: Civil Rights Act (‘64), Voting Rights Act (‘65)

18. INTEGRATION! Professional Sports -1867: Major League baseball players voted not to integrate teams -Negro Leagues: several leagues for African Americans. Faced discrimination & low pay. In interracial exhibition games, Negro League teams won over 60% of the time. 1947: Jackie Robinson plays his first game for the Brooklyn Dodgers By 1959, all Major League clubs integrated

19. INTEGRATION! Armed Forces President Harry Truman the first to integrate U.S. armed forces (1948 Executive Order 9981) Created a committee to investigate cases of unequal treatment based on race Caused Democratic Party to split 1948 Democratic National Convention: Southern Democrats walked out, formed Dixiecrat Party

20. Nonviolent Resistance Definition: Peacefully resisting unfair laws in order to protest them Dr. Martin L. King, Jr.  learned from Gandhi This was the strategy for protesting segregation during the Civil Rights Movement

21. Civil Rights Movement: KEY ORGANIZATIONS 1)SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference Led By: Martin L. King, Jr. Strategy: Negotiation before direct protest Workshops on nonviolent resistance: how to quietly endure physical violence

22. 1955-56: Bus Boycott Rosa Parks arrested for civil disobedience (Dec. 1955) Boycott of the Montgomery bus system  organized by Dr. King/SCLC, lasted 381 days Economic protest: 90% of bus company’s riders were African American Forced company to integrate 1956 1956 Supreme Court declared segregation on buses unconstitutional

23. Birmingham Children’s March, 1963 Birmingham, AL: aka “Bombingham,” most violently anti-integration city in US SCLC organized protest march planning to get arrested Overwhelmed city police, filled the jails City of Birmingham agreed to desegregate

24. 2) SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (Stokely Carmichael) Strategy: direct activism (visible protests, sit-ins, “jail not bail”) Grassroots Movement: starts with the people Involved youth, poor, & women in civil rights movement Voter Education Project: volunteers traveled to Southern towns to register Afr.Ams. to vote

26. “Sit-Ins” Greensboro, NC (1960) 4 college students sat at lunch counter and refused to leave until they were served Movement spread to 9 other states One by one, Southern restaurants chose to end segregation in their stores

28. 3) CORE: Congress of Racial Equality (James L. Farmer) Strategy: Interracial cooperation Freedom Rides:1960 Supreme Court ruled against segregation on interstate buses and stations  volunteers rode buses to test it out Freedom Summer 1964: college students volunteered to ride buses and register voters 3 students, 2 white and from the North, brutally murdered by KKK in Philadelphia, Mississippi

29. Beyond the Civil Rights Movement

30. Equality (?) March on Washington, 1963: 250,000 showed support for equal rights (“I Have a Dream” speech) John F. Kennedy: favored a federal law to enforce equal rights for all Americans Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ): JFK assassinated 1963, so LBJ got Congress to pass 2 laws… Civil Rights Act 1964: outlawed segregation and racial discrimination in all public businesses Voting Rights Act 1965: outlawed discrimination in voting process

31. Frustration 1964 Democratic National Convention: Party refused to seat Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, offered them 2 seats as “delegates” 1965-67 Race riots occurred in Los Angeles, Detroit, Philadelphia, and other cities Kerner Report, 1968: LBJ appointed a federal committee to study causes of riots “the nation is rapidly moving toward two increasingly separate Americas.”

32. A New Strategy Stokely Carmichael (leader of SNCC): “We been saying freedom for 6 years and we ain’t got nothin’. What we gotta start saying now is Black Power.”

33. Black Power Movement Carmichael: blacks need to strengthen their own communities Black Pride: African and African-American culture Objected to term “negro,” preferred “black” or “African-American”

34. Black Panther Party for Self-Defense: formed 1965 in Oakland, CA -GOAL: black control of all institutions in black community (police, schools, etc.) -accepted violence for self-defense

35. Malcolm X: favored “Black Separatism,” thought whites would never treat blacks equally GOAL: Strong, educated African American community AFTER CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT: African Americans unite to protect their own communities