2. II.Matter and Energy A.Principles of chemistryPrinciples of chemistry B.WaterWater C.Organic compoundsOrganic compounds D.EnergyEnergy II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

3. A.Principles of Chemistry 1.Atomic structureAtomic structure 2.The periodic tableThe periodic table 3.Chemical bondingChemical bonding 4.Important elements in environmental processesImportant elements in environmental processes II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

4. A.1.Atomic Structure Matter –Anything that takes up space and has mass Atom –The smallest stable particle of matter –Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons –Overall structure: textbook figure 2.3 II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

5. A.1.Atomic Structure Protons –Positively charged –Atomic mass  1 atomic mass unit –Located in the nucleus of an atom Neutrons –Electrically neutral –Atomic mass  1 atomic mass unit –Located in the nucleus of an atom II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

6. A.1.Atomic Structure Electrons –Negatively charged –Atomic mass: very small, almost negligible –Located in electron shells (orbitals) around the nucleus In a neutral atom, the number of electrons and protons is the same Atoms can lose or gain electrons during chemical bonding II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

7. A.1.Atomic Structure Element –A substance composed of only a single type of atom –Atomic number of an element The number of protons in its atoms The atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element –Mass number of an element The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in its atoms The atoms of an element may have a variable number of neutrons II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

8. A.1.Atomic Structure Isotopes of an element –Different forms of an element with the same atomic number but with different mass numbers –The atoms of some isotopes are stable –Other isotopes are radioactive, having unstable atoms that spontaneously break apart (decay) to form other atoms –When radioactive atoms decay, energy is released II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

9. A.1.Atomic Structure For example, carbon has three isotopes –Carbon-12, with 6 protons and 6 neutrons, is the most common form of carbon –Carbon-13, with 6 protons and 7 neutrons, is stable (non-radioactive) and rare –Carbon-14, with 6 protons and 8 neutrons, is unstable (radioactive) and rare II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

10. A.2.The Periodic Table Textbook: figure 2.2 In the periodic table –Elements are listed in order of their atomic numbers –Elements are designated by standard one or two- letter abbreviations –Elements in the same vertical column often have very similar chemical bonding properties II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

11. A.2.The Periodic Table Notable groups in the periodic table –Metals, nonmetals, and “metalloids” –Halogens –Nobel gases –Heavy metals –Synthetic elements (larger than uranium) II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

12. A.3.Chemical Bonding Chemical bonding occurs when two or more atoms combine Atoms combine by exchanging or sharing electrons in their outermost electron shell Chemical compound –Formed when the atoms of two or more different elements combine by chemical bonding –Properties of a compound are usually very different than those of its elements II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

13. A.3.Chemical Bonding Ionic bonds –Formed when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another –The atom that gains electrons becomes a negative ion (anion) –The atom that loses electrons becomes a positive ion (cation) –Example: Sodium chloride Na + Cl  Na + Cl – II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

14. A.3.Chemical Bonding Covalent bonds –Form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons –Molecule: consists of two or more atoms that are joined by covalent bonding –Covalent bonds are generally more stable than ionic bonds in aqueous (water) solution –Examples: textbook, figures 2.4 & 2.6 II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

15. A.4.Important Elements Textbook, table 2.1 II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry 1. Atomic structure 2. The periodic table 3. Chemical bonding 4. Important elements B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryAtomic structureThe periodic tableChemical bondingImportant elementsWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergy

16. B.Water 1.Structure of waterStructure of water 2.Ionization of waterIonization of water 3.Solvent properties of waterSolvent properties of water 4.Thermal properties of waterThermal properties of water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

17. B.1.Structure of Water A water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen atom The hydrogen atoms form an angle of about 110°, so the molecule is “bent” II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

18. B.1.Structure of Water The oxygen nucleus exerts a greater “pull” on the electrons in the covalent bonds –Therefore, the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge –And the hydrogen atoms have partial positive charges II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

19. Because opposite charges attract each other, water molecules are attracted to each other and to other charged molecules or ions B.1.Structure of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

20. The bent geometry of water and the attraction between water molecules gives rise to unique properties that are essential for its role in living organisms and the environment B.1.Structure of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

21. B.2.Ionization of Water Consider a glass of pure water: –In a tiny fraction of the water molecules (1 out of 10 million), one of the hydrogen nuclei is completely pulled off the molecule –This forms two ions: A hydrogen ion (H + ) And a hydroxyl ion (OH – ) –This is caused by the attraction of the water molecules for each other II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

22. Water molecules are continuously splitting into ions and rejoining to form water molecules B.2.Ionization of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

23. In chemically pure water, the number of H + and OH – ions are the same Certain chemical substances, when dissolved in water, can change the amounts of H + or OH – B.2.Ionization of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

24. Acid –A substance that increases the amount of H + (and decreases the amount of OH – ) Base (Alkaline) –A substance that increases the amount of OH – (and decreases the amount of H + ) Neutral substance –A substance that does not change the amounts of H + and OH – (so H + remains equal to OH – ) B.2.Ionization of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

25. Acidity and alkalinity are represented by a value called “pH” –Acids: pH value is less than 7 –Bases: pH value is greater than 7 –Neutral substances: pH value is equal to 7 –Each pH value represents a 10-fold change in the amount of H + in the solution –So a substance with pH = 5 has a 10 times greater amount of H + than a substance with pH = 6 –Textbook, figure 2.5 B.2.Ionization of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

26. B.3.Solvent Properties of Water Solution –A mixture of two (or more) different substances in which the particles of one substance are completely interspersed with the particles of the other substance(s) –Solvent: The substance that is present in the largest amount –Solute: The substance(s) that are present in smaller amounts II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

27. Hydrophilic substances –Substances that can be dissolved in water –Water molecules are attracted to ions or to other molecules that have partial positive and negative charges –Examples of hydrophilic substances: Sodium chloride (table salt): This substance consists of sodium ions and chloride ions Sucrose (table sugar): This substance is a compound with many -OH groups in its structure, with many partial positive and negative charges B.3.Solvent Properties of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

28. Hydrophobic substances –Substances that cannot be dissolved in water –Water molecules have difficulty interacting with uncharged molecules. These substances tend to separate from water. –Example of a hydrophobic substance: Cooking oil: The molecules of cooking oil have long chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. The atoms do not have the “bent” geometry of water, so there are no partial charges to attract the water. Therefore, oil and water don’t mix! B.3.Solvent Properties of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

29. Amphipathic substances –Substances in which part of the molecule is hydrophobic, and part of the molecule is hydrophilic –When amphipathic substances are mixed in water, its molecules form into clusters called “micelles” with the hydrophilic part on the outside of the micelle in contact with water and the hydrophobic part on the inside of the micelle, away from the water. B.3.Solvent Properties of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

30. Amphipathic substances (cont.) –Example of an amphipathic substance: Soap: Soap molecules have an ionic group attached to one end, and an oily hydrocarbon chain attached to the other end. When soap is mixed with water, it forms micelles that trap oily dirt molecules. B.3.Solvent Properties of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

31. B.4.Thermal Properties of Water Molecules are in constant motion due to the heat energy (kinetic energy) they contain Phases of matter: –Solid Limited movement of molecules; non-fluid –Liquid Molecules can move freely around each other; fluid –Gas Molecules have greatest freedom of movement; substance can expand to fill the available space II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

32. Water has unusual thermal properties because of the attraction of water molecules for each other –Water has relatively high melting and boiling points –Water remains in a liquid state over a wide temperature range –Water has a high heat capacity: it can absorb a large amount of heat with a small change in temperature –The solid form of water (ice) is less dense than the liquid, so ice floats on water B.4.Thermal Properties of Water II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water 1. Structure of Water 2. Ionization of Water 3. Solvent Properties 4. Thermal Properties C. Organic Compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterStructure of Water Ionization of WaterSolvent PropertiesThermal PropertiesOrganic CompoundsEnergy

33. C.Organic Compounds 1.Bonding of carbonBonding of carbon 2.Monomers and polymersMonomers and polymers 3.Bioorganic compoundsBioorganic compounds II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy

34. C. 1.Bonding of Carbon Carbon can form four covalent bonds with other atoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, halogens, and other carbons Compounds formed from the covalent bonding of carbon are called organic compounds Carbon-carbon bonds are very stable, allowing the formation of very large organic molecules II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy

35. Hydrocarbons –Consist of carbon and hydrogen –Usually hydrophobic –Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings (phenyl groups) C. 1.Bonding of Carbon II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy

36. C. 2.Monomers and Polymers Monomer –An organic molecule that serves as a “building block” to build larger organic molecules Polymer –An organic molecule composed of two or more monomer units linked together by covalent bonds II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy

37. Condensation reaction –Polymers are often formed by the process of condensation –In this process, two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom are removed from two monomer units –And a covalent bond forms between the monomers II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 2.Monomers and Polymers

38. II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 2.Monomers and Polymers

39. Hydrolysis reaction –Polymers are often broken down by the process of hydrolysis –In this process, a water molecule is inserted between the monomer units of a polymer –To split the polymer into its monomer units II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 2.Monomers and Polymers

40. II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 2.Monomers and Polymers

41. C. 3.Bioorganic Compounds Textbook, figure 2.6 & table 2.2 Carbohydrates –Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen –Large number of –OH groups attached to the carbons –Functions Energy source for living cells Certain structural components of cells II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy

42. Carbohydrates (cont.) –Monosaccharides “Simple sugars” Monomer unit of carbohydrate group Examples: Glucose, fructose –Disaccharides Composed of two monosaccharide units joined together Examples: Sucrose, lactose –Polysaccharides Composed of multiple monosaccharide units (100s – 1000s) Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 3.Bioorganic Compounds

43. Lipids –Biological compounds with hydrophobic components in their molecular structures –Functions Energy storage Structural components –Glycerides A major class of lipid Composed of a glycerol molecule attached to one, two, or three fatty acid molecules II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 3.Bioorganic Compounds

44. Lipids (cont.) –Generalized structure of a triglyceride: II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 3.Bioorganic Compounds

45. Proteins –Composed of chains of amino acids –There are 20 different amino acids, each with distinctive chemical properties –A protein molecule may contain several hundred amino acids –Each different protein has its own order, or “sequence,” of amino acids –The correct sequence of amino acids is essential for the protein’s function II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 3.Bioorganic Compounds

46. Proteins (cont.) –Functions Enzymes: Enzymes are biological catalysts that control almost every reaction in living systems Cellular recognition and communication Structural components of living cells II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 3.Bioorganic Compounds

47. Nucleic acids –Composed of chains of nucleotides –There are 4 different nucleotides –A nucleic acid molecule may contain several thousands or millions of nucleotides –Each nucleic acid molecule has its own order, or “sequence,” of nucleotides –The correct sequence of nucleotides is essential for the nucleic acid’s function II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 3.Bioorganic Compounds

48. Nucleic acids (cont.) –Overall function The sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid molecule serves as a blueprint to encode the correct sequence of amino acids for a protein. The code for a specific protein is called a “gene.” Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): DNA molecules (chromosomes) serve as the “master blueprint” for all of the cell’s proteins. The DNA molecules are transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Ribonucleic acid (RNA): RNA molecules serve as “working copies” of the genes for the proteins that the cell is making at any given time. II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds 1. Bonding of Carbon 2. Monomers & Polymers 3. Bioorganic compounds D. EnergyMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsBonding of CarbonMonomers & PolymersBioorganic compoundsEnergy C. 3.Bioorganic Compounds

49. D.Energy 1.Types of energyTypes of energy 2.Oxidation and reductionOxidation and reduction 3.Electrical generationElectrical generation II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

50. D. 1.Types of Energy Energy –The ability to do work –The capacity to change matter Kinetic energy and potential energy –Kinetic energy Energy associated with movement Energy released as a process occurs –Potential energy “Stored” energy that is contained in matter The potential of matter for undergoing change II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

51. D. 1.Types of Energy Heat –Energy associated with the movement of molecules Electromagnetism –Energy associated with electrical charges and magnetic fields –Electric current is produced by electrons flowing through a conductor (such as a copper wire) II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

52. D. 1.Types of Energy Electromagnetic radiation –Energy that travels through space in the form of “packets” of energy waves called photons –The amount of energy in a photon is related to its wavelength: the shorter the wavelength, the more energy the photon has –Photons can interact with matter to cause different affects, depending on the energy of the photons –Textbook, figure 2.9 II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

53. Chemical energy –Energy associated with the making or breaking of chemical bonds –Exothermic reaction A chemical reaction in which energy is released –Endothermic reaction A chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed Atomic energy –Energy released when radioactive isotopes split apart (atomic fission) or fuse together (atomic fusion) –Textbook, figure 12.9 D. 1.Types of Energy II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

54. D. 2.Oxidation and Reduction Energy is associated with the gain or loss of electrons by atoms in chemical reactions Reduction reaction –A reaction in which an atom gains electrons –By becoming bonded to a less electronegative atom (such as hydrogen) –Compounds with more reduced atoms often have a larger amount of potential chemical energy (in an oxygen atmosphere) II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

55. D. 2.Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation reaction –A reaction in which an atom loses electrons –By becoming bonded to a more electronegative atom (such as oxygen) –Compounds with more oxidized atoms often have a smaller amount of potential chemical energy (in an oxygen atmosphere) Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur together: one substance is oxidized, and another substance is reduced. II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

56. D. 2.Oxidation and Reduction Examples: –Oxidation of methane (natural gas) 2 CH 4 + 4 O 2  2 CO 2 + 4 H 2 O + Energy (Heat & Light) –Reduction of CO 2 to form glucose in photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy (Light)  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

57. D. 3.Electrical Generation Electric current –The movement of electrons through a conductor (such as a copper wire) Electrical generator –When a conductor (such as a copper wire) is moved in a magnetic field, a current is generated in the wire –By moving a coil of wire within a strong magnetic field, large electrical currents can be generated II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

58. D. 3.Electrical Generation II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

59. D. 3.Electrical Generation Types of generators –Coal, oil, and natural gas generators Pressurized steam is generated by boiling water, using fossil fuels as an energy source The steam pressure is used to run turbines that are attached to the generator coils –Hydroelectric generators The energy from falling water (from waterfalls or dams) is used to run turbines that are attached to generator coils II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

60. D. 3.Electrical Generation Types of generators (cont.) –Nuclear generators The tremendous heat from a nuclear chain reaction is used to generate pressurized steam The steam pressure is used to run a turbine that is attached to the generator coils Textbook, figures 12.9 & 12.11 –Other methods Windmill generators Tidal power generators (Figure 12.30) II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation

61. D. 3.Electrical Generation Other methods of generating electricity –Chemical cells (“batteries”) Uses chemical oxidation and reduction Often, the cells contain substance (such as heavy metals) that are difficult to dispose Figure 12.23 –Photovoltaic cells Crystals of certain substances produce an electrical current when exposed to light Figure 12.20 II. Matter & Energy A. Principles of Chemistry B. Water C. Organic Compounds D. Energy 1. Types of energy 2. Oxidation and reduction 3. Electrical generationMatter & EnergyPrinciples of ChemistryWaterOrganic CompoundsEnergyTypes of energyOxidation and reductionElectrical generation