1. Chapter 8

2.  1. How did land policies such as the headright system and land lotteries lead to disputes?  2. Why was the Yazoo Land Fraud considered a major embarrassment to the state of Georgia?  3. What caused a drastic change in Georgia’s borders?

3. Articles of Confederation 3 Georgia Constitution of 1777 Section 1

4.  What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and the Georgia Constitution of 1777?  How did past experiences influence the making of the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights? 4

5. 1. Founding Fathers 2. Articles of Confederation 3. Constitutional Convention 4. Democratic republic 5

6. 5. Checks and balances 6. Federalism 7. Bill of Rights 8. Unicameral

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9. Georgia had already had a set of “rules and regulations”  They needed more than “rules and regulations” In 1777 Georgia adopted a new constitution 9

10.  Popular Sovereignty – the citizen’s rights to agree with how they were governed  Separation of Powers  Legislative: Makes the laws  Executive: Enforces the laws  Judicial: Interprets the laws 10

11.  Unicameral System (one house)  The Legislative Branch had the most power  They could enact laws and appoint officials to the judicial (courts) and executive branches (governor) 11

12.  The new governor was  elected by the legislature and  only spent a year in office (one year term)  The governor had power in name only  The legislature had all the executive power  The first governor under the 1777 Const was John Treutlen 12

13.  Many people were still loyal to Britain  New political groups (Whigs) are struggling for power  Bad relationships between backcountry and city political groups 13

14. New government did not have power to Regulate trade between the states OR between the United States and foreign countries Each state had its own money system, also a problem National government was powerless  foreign counties had little respect for the new country 14

15. Read your text book, pages 146 and 147 List the strengths and weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation + - 15

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17.  Congress called all the states to meet to discuss the problems with the Articles of Confederation  They met in Philadelphia (US Capital) in 1787  The Georgia Assembly appointed:  William Pierce  William Houstoun  Abraham Baldwin  William Few 17

18. The most difficult was over representation in the national legislature The larger states wanted representation based on population The smaller states wanted equal representation THE GREAT COMPROMISE Abraham Baldwin served on a committee to work out a compromise called THE GREAT COMPROMISE 18

19. The Great Compromise: bicameral Congress: in the Senate each state would have 2 votes, in the House of Representatives, votes are based on population 3/5 Compromise : Every 5 slaves would count as 3 people for representation and taxes Slave Trade Compromise : Congress could not ban slave trade until 1898 Commerce Compromise : Power to collect taxes and regulate trade between the states

20. Congress would be bicameral  Senate – states have same number votes  House of Representatives – votes based on the state’s population The Great Compromise How do you count people? Affects how many delegates the state had And TAXES… 20

21. 1788 Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Connecticut voted for the Constitution However, New York and Virginia had not made a decision Congress promised to add a Bill of Rights James Madison wrote this bill First ten amendments, or additions to the Constitution 21

22. 22 is elected as the President of the Convention

23. Georgia Delegate to the Constitutional Convention Only one of two Georgia delegates to sign the US Constitution Served on the committee to work out The Great Compromise 23

24. Georgia Delegate to the Constitutional Convention Only one of two Georgia delegates to sign the US Constitution Self-taught lawyer 24

25. Georgia needed the land occupied by Native Americans on the west The Native Americans were determined to hold onto their lands Georgia needed a strong national government for  Protection from Native American threat  To acquire land from the Native Americans A special convention was called to ratify the United States Constitution On January 2, 1788, Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution, by a vote of 26-0 25

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27. Section 2 Chapter 8

28. 9. Headright 10. Alexander McGillivray 11. Yazoo Land Fraud 12. Compact of 1802 13. Land Lottery

29. Georgia’s land claims stretched from the Atlantic ocean (eastern border) to the Mississippi River (western border) to Spanish Florida (southern border) to the Carolina’s (northern border).

30.  These lands were inhabited by the Indian Nations of the area (mostly Creek and Cherokee), but even these were unsettled land.  Georgia needed more colonists to fulfill her role of a self- sustaining state and as a buffer state.

31. How do you get people to come to your state and stay there? Free Land attracted men who could serve in the state militia and farm the unsettled territories.

32. Every “Head” of a household had a “right” to land if they would build a home and farm that land. (and serve in the militia). Each head of a family was entitled to 200 acres of land, with another 50 acres of land for each member of his family, including slaves; but not to exceed 1000 acres per household.

33. Worked well when Georgia was a small population, under one authority (the Governor of the state). As Georgia spread out, individual county seats began to hand out parcels of land to attract people to settle in their counties. County Seat leaders began to sell land, mostly land not even in their control or rights to sell.

34. Georgia has the questionable honor of having had the most widely known land fraud in U.S. history. The land involved was in the western part of Georgia (currently the states of Alabama and Mississippi). The land was still inhabited by the Creek and Choctaw Nations, only parts of Georgia were released to the state by the Creek to settle in by treaty.

35. Why the strange name? The Yazoo River stretched through all of the land being sold off. (Yazoo, Mississippi) The entire area was referred to as the Yazoo River basin.

37. Land companies began to buy large tracts of land in western Georgia along the Yazoo River. They made money by selling the land in smaller portions to individuals. (remember, Georgia had a 1,000 acre rule on land ownership.)

38. The Land Companies ‘persuaded’ the Georgia Legislature to pass the Yazoo Act. This Act allowed Georgia to sell large areas of its western lands to private companies. (no more limit on land ownership) The Land companies bought most of the land and resold it to Georgians at much higher prices.

39. Georgians voted the Yazoo Act supporters out of office. The new government reversed the Yazoo Act on February 18, 1796.

40. All records of the bill and land sales were taken out of files and publicly burned.

41.  -Georgia did not have the money or the clout to make the private investors return the money to the citizens of the state that had been fooled in the scandal. - The Land Fraud and resulting influx of settlers was causing major troubles with the Indians of the areas.

44. Who owned the land after the confusion of the Yazoo Land frauds? Georgia did not have the resources to stipulate who had control over the area nor to return money to the citizens who had purchased land. Georgia also did not have the resources to pacify the Creek and Cherokee Indians who also claimed and lived on the land sold in the Yazoo Act. How could this dilemma be settled?

45. You give your land away to the National Government! - By giving the land (up to the Mississippi River) to the National Government, Georgia received a clean bill of sale and a clear title to all lands within Georgia’s present day boundaries. (Compact of 1802 was the direct result of the Yazoo Land Fraud, and changed the state borders drastically.)

46.  -The National Government had an upcoming reason for wanting to control the land reaching to the Mississippi and settling Georgia’s debt…. Any guesses why?

47.  -The compact of 1802 declared that Northern Georgia belonged to the State of Georgia, not the Cherokee.  -Georgians demanded that the rich and fertile land of Northern Georgia be given to white settlers. But how to fairly distribute the land?  -After the Yazoo Land fraud, and people’s discontent with the Headright system, a new system of Land Grants had to be developed.

49. Section 3 Chapter 8 49

50. 14. Louisiana Purchase 15. Lewis and Clark 16. War of 1812 17. Creek War 18. Andrew Jackson 19. Battle of Horseshoe Bend 20. Manifest Destiny 50