1. Computer Science 112 Fundamentals of Programming II Interfaces and Implementations

2. What Is an Interface? The public or external view of a resource What you see when you run help on a resource Example: Python’s math module – a set of function names and constant names

3. What Is an Implementation? The private or internal view of a resource What you see when you examine the full code of a resource def fib(n): """Returns the nth Fibonacci number.""" if n == 1 or n == 2: return 1 else: return fib(n – 1) + fib(n – 2) Interface Implementation

4. Types of Interfaces Function – The function’s header and docstring Class – The class and method headers and docstrings Module – The class and function headers

5. Interface and Implementation Users and implementers have different responsibilities A interface provides an abstraction barrier between users and implementers User’s codeInterfaceImplementer’s code

6. Why the Barrier? The resource is easier to learn Can plug and play resources Can provide several implementations of the same resource (polymorphism) Can maintain a resource without disturbing users’ code

7. Example Resource: A Bag Collection A bag is a container where you can put things, see if they’re there, visit them all, or remove each one There is one interface or set of methods for all bag implementations Two common implementations use an array or a linked structure

8. UML Class Diagram for Bags LinkedBagArrayBag BagInterface The Unified Modeling Language is a way of describing relationships among resources visually means implements an interface

9. b.isEmpty()Returns True if empty, False otherwise len(b)Returns the number of items in the bag str(b)Returns a string representation of the bag item in bReturns True if item is present in the bag, or False otherwise for item in b:Visit each item in the bag b.add(item)Adds item to the bag b.remove(item)Removes item from the bag b.clear()Removes all items from the bag b1 + b2Combines items in a new bag and returns it b == anythingTrue if equal, False otherwise The Interface for All Bags

10. b.isEmpty()isEmpty(self) len(b)__len__(self) str(b)__str__(self) item in b__contains__(self, item) for item in b:__iter__(self) b.add(item)add(self, item) b.remove(item)remove(self, item) b.clear()clear(self) b1 + b2__add__(self, other) b == anything__eq__(self, other) Actual Methods in Python

11. Bag Implementations Array-based Linked structure Always a single set of abstract operations bag1 = LinkedBag() bag2 = ArrayBag([1, 2, 3, 4])

12. bag = LinkedBag() # or ArrayBag() bag.add("A string") bag.add("Another string") for item in bag: print(item) secondBag = LinkedBag(bag) thirdBag = bag + secondBag print(secondBag == thirdBag) for item in bag: secondBag.remove(item) print(len(secondBag)) Example Use of a Bag We have a single set of abstract operations and two implementing classes, ArrayBag and LinkedBag

13. Docstrings and Preconditions def remove(self, item): """Removes item from self. Precondition: item is in self. Raises: KeyError if item is not in self.""" A docstring states what the method does. A precondition states what must be true for a method to run correctly. The method raises an exception if a precondition is not true.

14. Implementation: Data The first step is to decide what the attributes are and represent these using the appropriate data Will name these data with class or instance variables The __init__ method sets these up

15. Composition and Aggregation means “is composed of” LinkedBagNode * ArrayBag BagInterface Array * means “aggregates zero or more within”

16. from arrays import Array class ArrayBag(object): """An array-based bag implementation.""" # Class variable DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10 # Constructor def __init__(self, sourceCollection = None): """Sets the initial state of self, which includes the contents of sourceCollection, if it's present.""" self._items = Array(ArrayBag.DEFAULT_CAPACITY) self._size = 0 if sourceCollection: for item in sourceCollection: self.add(item) Data for ArrayBag

17. # Accessor methods def isEmpty(self): """Returns True if len(self) == 0, or False otherwise.""" return len(self) == 0 def __len__(self): """Returns the number of items in self.""" return self._size def __str__(self): """Returns the string representation of self.""" return "{" + ", ".join(map(str, self)) + "}" Some Accessor Methods Try to run methods within an implementation, rather than accessing variables directly.

18. # Mutator methods def clear(self): """Makes self become empty.""" self._size = 0 self._items = Array(ArrayBag.DEFAULT_CAPACITY) def add(self, item): """Adds item to self.""" # Resize the array here if necessary self._items[len(self)] = item self._size += 1 Some Mutator Methods

19. from node import Node class LinkedBag(object): """A link-based bag implementation.""" # Constructor def __init__(self, sourceCollection = None): """Sets the initial state of self, which includes the contents of sourceCollection, if it's present.""" self._items = None self._size = 0 if sourceCollection: for item in sourceCollection: self.add(item) Data for LinkedBag

20. # Accessor methods def isEmpty(self): """Returns True if len(self) == 0, or False otherwise.""" return len(self) == 0 def __len__(self): """Returns the number of items in self.""" return self._size def __str__(self): """Returns the string representation of self.""" return "{" + ", ".join(map(str, self)) + "}" Some Accessor Methods Hooray! No changes from the same methods in ArrayBag !

21. # Mutator methods def clear(self): """Makes self become empty.""" self._size = 0 self._items = None def add(self, item): """Adds item to self.""" self._items = Node(item, self._items) self._size += 1 Some Mutator Methods The container is now a linked structure, so it must be manipulated differently.

22. For Friday Iterators