2. Sex Linked and disorders Mendel Varied Types of inheritance EpigeneticsMisc

3. Organisms that have two different alleles for a trait are called …..

4. ANSWER: Heterozygous

5. Name three things a Punnett square can show

6. ANSWER: Genotypes of parents Possible results of the cross Possible genotypes of the children

7. Explain complete dominance

8. ANSWER: When the dominant allele is present the recessive allele is masked

9. Achondroplasia (dwarfism) is caused by a dominant gene. A woman and a man both with dwarfism marry. If homozygous achondroplasia results in death of embryos, list the genotypes and phenotypes of all potential live-birth offspring.

10. ANSWER: 2 Aa Dwarfism 1aa Normal

11. What type of dominance allows all alleles present to be fully expressed?

12. ANSWER: Codominance

13. In a family of four, 1 child has curly hair, 1 child has straight hair, and 2 children have wavy hair. Show what the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents would have to be. What kind of dominance is this?

14. ANSWER: Parent 1 – genotype Cc Phenotype – wavy hair Incomplete dominance

15. Two newborn babies were accidentally mixed up at the hospital. Determine the parents of the babies by blood type.

16. ANSWER: Baby 1 Brown Baby 2 Smith

17. What type of inheritance is shown by human skin color, height, eye color, etc.?

18. ANSWER: Polygenic

19. What is the difference between multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance

20. ANSWER: Multiple alleles – one gene has more than 2 variants or alleles for a trait Polygenic – multiple genes ( can be on multiple chromosomes) all interact to produce a phenotype

21. Do men or women express sex linked traits more often? Why?

22. ANSWER: Men, they have one X chromosome, thus they only need one recessive and it is expressed

23. What are genetic test performed on? (What are valid samples?)

24. ANSWER: Blood Skin Hair Amniotic fluid

25. If you mutate a sequence of DNA which do you alter? Genome Epigenome Proteome

26. ANSWER: Genome

27. Why can an organism produce more proteins than they have genes (Ex 20,000 genes and 120,000 proteins)

28. ANSWER: Proteins are made up of various combinations of polypetides Genes code for primary structure Also modification after transcriptions allows RNA to be “modular” in function

29. If two people who are both carriers for a genetically inherited fatal recessive disease decide to become parents, what will be the odds that their children will also be carriers?

30. ANSWER: 50% or 2 out of 4

31. What attaches to the strand of DNA to inhibit transcription of the gene

32. ANSWER: A methyl group or acetyl group

33. When is the epigenome silenced?

34. ANSWER: During the first days after an egg is fertilized

35. How are histones manipulated to loosen them up and allow the DNA to be transcripted?

36. ANSWER: Acetyl or methyl groups attach to them and the negative charges repel or attract the histones away from each other

37. DAILY DOUBLE

38. If the human genome is like a computer, what is the epigenome like?

39. ANSWER: Computer Software

40. The alleles for eye color and for body color are on the X chromosome of Drosophila, but not on the Y. Red eye color (w+) is dominant to white eye color (w), and tan body color (y+ ) is dominant to yellow body color (y). What is the genotype of a tan-bodied, white- eyed male?

41. ANSWER:

42. In horses, coat color is often codominant. The chestnut horse carries two chestnut alleles (C c )The palomino horse carries on chestnut allele (C c )and one crème allele (C cr ). A horse with two crème alleles is called a cremello. A. If you were to breed a chestnut horse with a palomino what would the offspring be like? B. What are the possible combinations of parents to get a cremello horse?

43. ANSWER: A.Chestnut (C c C c )Xpalomino(C c C cr ) 50% Chestnut 50% Palomino B.Cremello X Cremello 100% Cremello Palomino X Cremello 50% Cremello Palomino X Palomino 25% Cremello

44. In a dihybrid cross, the expected ratio in the F2 generation is..

45. ANSWER: 9:3:3:1

46. Epigenetics is critical to what process that occurs during very early development of the fetus?

47. ANSWER: Cell differentiation

48. What is a test cross?

49. ANSWER: A cross between an dominant phenotype and a recessive phenotype to determine the genotype of the dominant phenotype

50. If two parents are heterozygous for a genetically inherited dominant trait, what is the probability that they will have a child together who has this trait in his or her phenotype?

51. ANSWER: 75%

52. If there is a single pair of alleles that determine the number of toes for an animal species and homozygous dominant individuals have 8 toes, heterozygous ones have 7, and homozygous recessive ones have 6, the inheritance pattern would be referred to as:

53. ANSWER: Incomplete dominance

54. FINAL JEOPARDY

55. Baldness in humans is a dominant, sex-influenced trait. This gene is on the autosomes, not the sex chromosomes, but how it is expressed is influenced by the person’s sex (due to hormones present, etc.). A man who is BB or Bb will be bald and will be non-bald only if he is bb. A woman will only be bald if she is BB and non-bald if she is Bb or bb (it’s almost like B is dominant in males and b is dominant in females). Actually, because of the influence of other sex-related factors, most women who are BB never become totally bald like men do, but rather, their hair becomes “thin” or sparse. If two parents are heterozygous for baldness, what are the chances of their children being bald? Use a Punnett square to illustrate this. Note: because the sex of a person does make a difference in how the gene is expressed, you need to set this up as a dihybrid cross to account for the sex of the children.

56. ANSWER: 1/8 of the children will be bald daughters, 3/8 will be normal daughters, 3/8 will be bald sons 1/8 will be normal sons;.