1.  The Age of Enlightenment Ch 18

2. I. Introduction  Age of Enlightenment  Late 1600’s to mid/late 1700s  A period of change in thought  Analyzing government  Spreading of knowledge  Bringing about new ideas  Focus on physical  Spread through philosophes  Writers and critics who discussed, spread and pioneered these changes in thought.

3. I. Introduction  Considered a print culture  Printed literature exploded  Books, Journals, magazines and newspapers  New writings would be discussed in coffee houses or salons  Salons are places of meeting where a host would gather people together to entertain them with knowledge

4. I. Introduction  Religion  Development of Deism  God is the great “clock maker”- Created the universe, starts it and then walks away.  Developed to try to solve religious conflict

5. II. Economic Enlightenment  Physiocrats  French economic reformers  Mercantilism- trade that keeps/brings wealth inside a country  Argued against this since it limited economic expansion  Believed the main job of the government is to protect property  Your choice what you do with your property  Consolidation of small farms into large ones is more efficient  Allow people to act rationally with their property/money

6. II. Economic Enlightenment  Adam Smith (1723-1790)  Scottish  Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations  Economic liberty is the foundation of a good economy  Wanted to abolish trade restrictions in England  Laissez-Faire - limited government involvement  “Leave us be” or “Let us do it”  Individual selfishness works in favor of the economic system as a whole  Invisible hand

7. III. The Philosophes  Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778)  AKA Voltaire  Was locked up in the Bastille and then exiled to England  Ended up offending people wherever he lived  Praised freedoms in England in Letters on the English 1733  Spread Newton’s work through his book, Elements of the Philosophy of Newton  Most famous work is Candide 1759  Satire of society in the 1700s

8. III. The Philosophes  Denis Diderot (1713-1784)  French  Edited/wrote the Encyclopedia (1751)  Helped by Jean Le Rond d’Alembert  17 volumes text and 11 volumes of illustrations  Was a collection of human knowledge  Was controversial due to including many including enlightenment ideals

9. III. The Philosophes  Marquis Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)  Italian  On Crimes and Punishment 1764  Thought punishments should fit the crime  Wanted to outlaw torture and the death sentence  Punishment should be to deter crimes  Wanted laws to be rational- For the good of society  Speedy trials

10. III. The Philosophes  Charles Louis de Secondat (Baron of Montesquie) 1689-1755  AKA Montesquie  French  Criticized society- The Persian Letters 1721  Favored English society over French  Spirit of the Law s 1748  English Constitution is a good example of regulating government  One set of laws can not apply to everyone  Government needs to match culture  Believed Limited monarch was the ideal French government  Division of powers  Men and women are equal yet upheld traditional views.

11. III. The Philosophes  Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)  Swiss  Outside of Philosophy/academics- failure  Disliked society  Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences (1750)  Criticized the enlightenment and civilization- Corruption  Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1755)  Evil result of inequality  Freedom is obedience to the law  Criticized individualism- upheld society  Civic religion

12. III. The Philosophes  Rousseau continued  Emile 1762  Argued that men and women should be in separate spheres  Women subordinate to men  Women are to bear children  Was not the norm in regards to women.

13. IV. Enlightened Absolutism  Enlightened Absolutism or Enlightened Despotism  Monarch rules through absolute power yet allows freedom of speech/press, religious tolerance, and property rights  Patrons of arts and education  Examples  Frederick II- Prussia  Catherine II (the Great)- Russia  Joseph II- Austria

14. IV. Enlightened Absolutism  Frederick “the Great” II (r. 1740-1786)  Prussian/ Hohenzollern  Instituted promotion through merit  Prussian Civil Service Commission  Educated and tested government appointments  “1 st servant of the state”  Religious tolerance  Allowed Catholics and Jews to live with freedom  Allowed Muslims to build mosque

15. IV. Enlightened Absolutism  Joseph II (r. 1765-1790)  Austria/ Habsburg  Co ruled with his mother, Maria Theresa, for most of his rule  Concerned with welfare of the people  Limited labor (robot) requirements  Allowed freedom to Jews (limited), Lutherans, Calvinist and Greek Orthodox  Brought Catholicism in Austria under royal control  Reduced serfdom  Land Tax

16. IV. Enlightened Absolutism  Catherine the Great/ II (r. 1762-1796)  Russia  Came to power after decline that followed Peter’s death  Limited some of her power  Gave power to local nobility  Removed some tax and trade barriers- economy improved  Expanded Territory considerably

17. IV. Enlightened Absolutism  Partition of Poland  Result of Catherine’s expanding of Russian territory  Also result of lack of strong Polish central government  1772, 1793 and 1795 Poland was divided  Prussia  Austria  Russia