2.  Make sure to write down anything in this color!!!

3. Function: to protect, hold up body and move it from place to place Definitions:  Locomotion- being able to move one's self from place to place  Sessile- stationary, staying in one place

4. 1. Easier to get food 2. Easier to find a suitable place to live and away from harmful conditions. 3. Allows organism to escape from enemies or seek shelter 4. Allows organism to find mates and reproduce

5.  Pseudopods- “false feet”, cytoplasm moves by flowing and extending the pseudopods [e.g. - amoeba]  Cilia and Flagella- short hair like structures (paramecium) or long whip like (euglena)

6.  Endoskeleton-  internal structure such as human skeleton made of bone or cartilage.  Skeleton can grow with organism as it gets larger.  Exoskeleton-  external hard outer structure such as a grasshopper  Skeleton must be shed (molting) in order for the organism to grow. ***Both skeleton types use muscles to move their skeletons***

7.  Bones & Cartilage  Types of connective tissue ▪ Bone – hard and inflexible ▪ Cartilage- soft and flexible

8. 1. Serve as site for muscles to attach to move body parts 2. Give body its shape and support 3. Protects delicate organs. 4. Stores calcium and phosphorus 5. Produces red and white blood cells in marrow.

9.  Compact bone- very dense & strong  Spongy Bone- very porous (full of holes)- marrow fills holes

11.  connective tissue that bends easily  gives support and cushions joints against impact and pressure  Found in:  Embryos- most of skeleton begins as cartilage then becomes bone ▪ Ossification- change of cartilage into bone  Children- more cartilage than adults therefore their bones are more elastic and not as easily broken  Adults- Ear, nose, ribs, around joints

12. RRed marrow- FFound: in spongy bones of vertebrae, ribs, cranium and tips of long bones or arms and legs FFunction: makes red blood cells, platelets and some white blood cells YYellow Marrow- ffound in hollow center of long bones mmade of fat cells

13.  Total number of bones: 206 2 main parts:  Axial skeleton -  Skull and spine  Appendicular Skeleton – ▪ Arms and Legs, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle

14.  point where bones meet  Held together by LIGAMENTS (tough fibrous bands of connective tissue)

15.  Immovable- cranium (tightly fitted)  Movable-  Hinge- Back & Forth motion (knee & elbow)  Ball & Socket- move in all directions, ball shaped fit into a cuplike space (shoulder & hip)  Pivot- side to side & up and down motion (base of skull)  Gliding- some bending and twisting movement (wrist & vertebrae)

19. Types: 1. Skeletal Muscle - used in locomotion and in all voluntary movement  Cells fuse together to form fibers  bundles of fibers bind together to form muscles  Striated appearance- striped with light & dark bands, shows overlapping fibers

21. FFibers made up of thin filaments called Actin & Myosin FFilaments slide over each other to contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen) CConnected by tendons to bones MMuscles pull bones when they contract (shorten)** cannot push**

24.  Work antagonistic to each other:  As one muscle contracts (shortens) the opposite muscle relaxes (lengthens)  Example- Biceps (flexor bends a joint) and triceps (extensor extends or straightens a joint) in the arm  Unique to Skeletal Muscle:  Fast, strong contractions unlike smooth muscles

25. Skeletal muscle is a system of pairs that relax and contract to move a joint. For example, when front leg muscles contract, the knee extends (straightens) while back leg muscles relax. Conversely, to flex (bend) the knee, back leg muscles contract while front leg muscles relax.

26. 2. Smooth Muscle - involuntary muscle  Found: in digestive tract, blood vessels, diaphragm and some other internal organs  Appearance:  Long, overlapping sheets of cells  Non-striated (no bands)  Unique to Smooth Muscle: Long, less intense contractions

28.  Cardiac muscle - found in heart only  Appearance: ▪ Interlocking network of muscle cells with a single nucleus in each ▪ Striated muscle  Unique to Cardiac Muscle: ▪ Built-in ability to contract on their own ▪ Muscles can contract together (heartbeat)- different than skeletal

29.  Osteoporosis- brittle bones due to lack of calcium  Treatment- medication and increased calcium intake in diet

31.  Scurvy- caused by a lack of vitamin C (Absorbic Acid) causing wounds to heal poorly, bruising easily, gums bleed, teeth loosen, loss of appetite  Treatment- Vitamin C

32. Caption: Close of the mouth of a person suffering from scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), showing swollen and bleeding gums. Scurvy results from a diet that is devoid of fresh fruit & vegetables. Swollen and bleeding gums are initial symptoms and may be followed by bruising of the skin (subcutaneous bleeding) and the opening of previously healed wounds. A prolonged deficiency may cause death. Scurvy responds to treatment with vitamin C.

33.  Arthritis- inflammation of the joints can be immune system related  Treatment- anti-inflammatory drugs

34.  Scoliosis- curvature of the spine caused by unknown (idiopathic); it can eventually lead to decreased lung capacity and congestive heart failure  Treatment- wearing a spine straightening brace or surgery

36.  Muscular Dystrophy- muscles break down and waste away to nothing eventually affects all voluntary muscles, heart and breathing muscles Duchenne’s MD usually only affects boys  Treatment- none currently, physical therapy to help with symptoms 

39.  ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease- muscle weakness and wasting, some twitching then paralysis of arms and legs and then all voluntary muscles from motor neuron malfunction  Treatment- none currently, some medication to slow it but physical therapy is needed  Ex. Steve Gleason -Saints