1. Science Review 4.1 S. Hall 2011-2012 S. Hall 2011-2012

2. Observations, Inferences, Conclusions, Predictions, and Hypotheses

3. What is an observation?

4. Yes, and observation is something you can see, hear, taste, touch, or smell.

5. Which would be an observation about this animal? A.It swims in the ocean. B.It has spots. C.It is long, so it is a fast swimmer. D.It is a shark.

6. Quantitative and Qualitative Observations Qua n titative-deals with n umbers, quantities or how much, or how many Examples: It had 40 spots. It is 10 feet long. Qualitative- deals with how it l ooks, tastes, feels, sounds, smells--without numbers Examples: It has gray spots. It feels rough. Qua n titative-deals with n umbers, quantities or how much, or how many Examples: It had 40 spots. It is 10 feet long. Qualitative- deals with how it l ooks, tastes, feels, sounds, smells--without numbers Examples: It has gray spots. It feels rough.

7. What is an inference?

8. Yes, an inference is something you figure, using your observations plus what’s in your head already. +

9. Which would be an inference about this animal? A.It swims in the ocean. B.It has spots. C.It is long, so it is a fast swimmer. D.It is a shark.

10. What is a conclusion?

11. Yes, a conclusion is an inference which summarizes what your final point is about the object. For example: It s a penny. Evaporation occurs faster in hot, direct light.

12. Which would be a conclusion about this animal? A.It swims in the ocean. B.It has spots. C.It is long, so it is a fast swimmer. D.It is a shark.

13. What is a prediction?

14. Yes, a prediction is an inference you make about the future or what you expect. Examples: The book will probably be fiction. The plant will likely grow towards the sunlight.

15. What is a hypothesis?

16. Yes, a hypothesis is prediction with a reason. For example: The second plant will grow faster because it will get more sunlight. If a sponge is placed under an artificial bulb, it will dry faster because the light is hotter. It is hypothesized that the birds will eat more red seeds because the color is brighter.

17. Which would be a hypothesis about this animal? A.It swims in the ocean. B.It has spots. C.It is long, so it is a fast swimmer. D.It is a shark.

18. The Scientific Method Scientists first observe the world around them. They are curious, so they have a question. They may then observe some more or research what other scientists have said. Next, they hypothesize an answer to the question. Next, they design an experiment or test to see if they are right (confirm hypothesis). They may use the four question strategy to plan their experiment or test. 4 Question Strategy4 Question Strategy Next, you design your experiment. You select your independent variable and levels of the independent, your dependent variable, your constants, and your control. You set up a table to collect your data in. Then you conduct(do) the experiment at least 3 times (repeated trials). Next, you graph your data, and draw some final conclusions. Then you communicate your results to the world. You may also apply what you learned to other situations or develop technologies based on what you learned. Scientists first observe the world around them. They are curious, so they have a question. They may then observe some more or research what other scientists have said. Next, they hypothesize an answer to the question. Next, they design an experiment or test to see if they are right (confirm hypothesis). They may use the four question strategy to plan their experiment or test. 4 Question Strategy4 Question Strategy Next, you design your experiment. You select your independent variable and levels of the independent, your dependent variable, your constants, and your control. You set up a table to collect your data in. Then you conduct(do) the experiment at least 3 times (repeated trials). Next, you graph your data, and draw some final conclusions. Then you communicate your results to the world. You may also apply what you learned to other situations or develop technologies based on what you learned.

19. The Scientific Method Vocabulary Research- look up information Experiment -test Variables things that change Independent variable -what you change in the experiment, the I- Change-It variable, the cause (type of light) Levels of the independent variable-what different types you change (direct light, shade, no light) Dependent variable -what changes as a result of the changes you made, the effect, can be measured quantitatively (numbers) Constants- what you keep the same in order for the experiment to be fair (same kind and size of sponges, same amount of water) Control- the level of the independent variable that you compare the others to (no light) Conduct -do Data- information Communicate -tell Repeated Trials- do the experiment over to make up for errors that produce unusual data Research- look up information Experiment -test Variables things that change Independent variable -what you change in the experiment, the I- Change-It variable, the cause (type of light) Levels of the independent variable-what different types you change (direct light, shade, no light) Dependent variable -what changes as a result of the changes you made, the effect, can be measured quantitatively (numbers) Constants- what you keep the same in order for the experiment to be fair (same kind and size of sponges, same amount of water) Control- the level of the independent variable that you compare the others to (no light) Conduct -do Data- information Communicate -tell Repeated Trials- do the experiment over to make up for errors that produce unusual data

20. Tables The independent variable is always on the left and the dependent is always on the right. causeeffect

21. Yes, you can tell what the independent and dependent variables are by looking at tables.

22. You can also tell by looking at graphs. X axis Independent Variable Cause Y axis Dependent Variable Effect Y X The independent variable is the amount of table salt added. The dependent variable is the boiling temperature.

23. IV/DV Write the independent variable? Write the dependent variable?

24. Yes,… What is the independent variable? Volts (in amps) What is the dependent variable? hours of battery use

25. IV/DV Write the independent variable? Write the dependent variable?

26. Yes,… What is the independent variable? size of the jar in liters What is the dependent variable? Number of minutes the candle burned

28. Graphs should have titles. And labels. On a bar graph, the bars Should not go to the top, nor should the bars touch the Y axis. Title Labels

29. Graph A Graph B Missing labels Bar goes to the top Both are bad.