1. Conservatism, Liberalism, and Nationalism A Volatile Mix in the Post-Napoleonic Period 1814-1848

2. The Source of Revolutionary Disturbances Prince Metternich of Austria “When Paris sneezes, Europe catches a cold. The disease must be cured, the volcano must be extinguished, the gangrene must be burned out with a hot iron.” Opposed Liberalism and Nationalism of the French Revolution

3. Def: advocates limited government in order to protect individual liberties. Def: advocates limited government in order to protect individual liberties. It is the ideology of Freedom: Equality of opportunity Freedom from arbitrary arrest Freedom of Press Freedom of Assembly Freedom of Religion Freedom of Speech Free Trade Right to Property

4. Def: a sense of unity based upon shared characteristics: language, culture, historical experience, religion, ethnicity and geography. To some, nationalism expressed a desire or right for nationalities to rule themselves. Examples of nationalities that did not rule themselves in 1815 were Germans, Italians, and Poles. They wanted it – conservatives worried about more revolution

5. Def: advocates legitimate, traditional government in order to preserve the status-quo. Edmund Burke, the founder of modern conservative thought, wrote: “The state was a partnership, but one not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead and those who are to be born…No one generation therefore has the right to destroy this partnership.”

6. CONSERVATISM continued: Preserve the Status Quo: Peace, Stability, and Order is achieved by a Balance of Power. Preserve the Status Quo: Peace, Stability, and Order is achieved by a Balance of Power. Conservatives: Edmund Burke, Prince Metternich Generally aristocrats of noble or royal blood The peacemakers of 1815 (Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia) were men who were backward-looking and conservative, who believed that liberalism was responsible for a generation of war and untold bloodshed and suffering.

8. OBJECTIVES: The THREE goals of the Congress of Vienna 1. Legitimacy – restore monarchs on their thrones. Put the government back to the way it was. Conservatives rule! 2. Compensation – Countries that suffered from Napoleon had to be compensated with LAND. 3. Balance of Power – a new European order in which no single power was able to dominate. Another Napoleon would NEVER take over Europe again!!

9. Goal Goal – In addition to a balance of power across Europe, there would also be conservative/reactionary rule within. Each country’s rulers would suppress liberal and nationalist threats through various means like censorship Metternich System Could call on one another for help. Would it work?

10. Reaction against the Reactionary Congress of Vienna and Metternich Across Europe, liberals and nationalists tested Metternich system – lots of revolts! Presence of all three – conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism makes for volatile relations within and among nation states Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 show legacy of French Revolution and Enlightenment are not dead. Vive la Revolution!!!!!! But conservatism remains a major force!