1. Jungwee Park, Statistics Canada August 24, 2015 4 th International Conference and Exhibition on Occupational Health & Safety TORONTO, CANADA Overqualification among Aboriginal workers in Canada and its effect on health 29/05/2016 1 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D.

2. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 2 OUTLINE  CONTEXT – Overqualification  METHODS AND DATA  FINDINGS  CONCLUSIONS

3. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 3 BACKGROUND – Overqualification  Nowadays in the Canadian economy, a skilled and educated work force has become essential; and yet, skilled jobs may not always be available to the increasing number of skilled candidates.  As a result, a considerable number of employees would be ‘overqualified.’  This job-education mismatch may contribute to a rise in long-term unemployment and limit the growth potential of the labour market; as well, overqualified workers have lower levels of earnings, job satisfaction, productivity, and personal health and well-being.

4. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 4 BACKGROUND – Overqualification among Aboriginal workers  Previous research points out that specific population groups are at differential risk to be overqualified than the Canadian population as a whole.  This study focuses on the overqualification among Aboriginal workers. Compared to their non-Aboriginal counterparts, Aboriginal workers were slightly younger. In terms of skill levels, 23% of Aboriginal workers were managers and professionals (skill level A) compared to one third of non-Aboriginal workers. Overall, Aboriginal workers showed a lower level of educational attainment than non-Aboriginal workers.

5. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS  This study investigates: What proportion of Aboriginal workers is experiencing overqualification in their current jobs? Are Aboriginal workers more likely to be overqualified than non-Aboriginal workers? How are specific fields of study related to overqualification among Aboriginal workers? How does overqualification relate to health?

6. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 6 DATA SOURCES:  National Household Survey Random sample of 4.5 million accounting for almost 30% of all private dwellings in Canada Response rate: 69% 415,115 Aboriginal workers and 13,301,610 non-Aboriginal workers aged 25-64.  Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2012 (APS) Focus: education and employment Population: Off reserve First Nations, Inuit and Métis who are 6 years of age and over (28,410 respondents) Response rate: 76% Aboriginal Peoples Survey Aged 25-74 at baseline N=2,584,418 (First Nations N=61,220)

7. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 7 OVERQUALIFIED WORKERS  Referring to individuals holding higher levels of education than required for their job. This measure is based on the education– occupation matrix developed by Human Resources and Skills Development Canada - now Employment and Social Development Canada (HRSDC, 2011).  There are four measures of overqualification by different education levels: Eg. University degree-holders (above bachelor level) working in jobs that require a college education or less

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15. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 15 LIMITATIONS  For certain cases, limited sample sizes of NHS and APS did not allow for detailed analysis of overqualification and its effects for specific Aboriginal groups.  Estimates of Aboriginal workers might be affected by the incomplete enumeration of certain Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the NHS.  As NHS and APS are cross-sectional survey, the causality between variables cannot be determined.

16. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 16 CONCLUSIONS  Compared to their non-Aboriginal counterparts, Aboriginal workers with higher education levels (bachelor degree or higher) were less likely to be overqualified; but Aboriginal workers with lower than university levels of education were more likely to be overqualified.  Among Aboriginal workers who earned university degrees, low overqualification rates were found among those who studied education; mathematics, computer and information sciences; architecture, engineering, and related technologies; and health fields.  Overqualified workers show lower health status – higher negative self-perceived health, higher prevalence of chronic conditions, and higher levels of distress.

17. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 17 FUNDING  Funding for this analysis was provided by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada.

18. 29/05/2016 Statistics Canada ©Jungwee Park, Ph.D. 18 CONTACT Jungwee Park Health Analysis Division Statistics Canada Ottawa, ON (613) 853-7945 jungwee.park@statcan.gc.ca