1. FUNGI “ Plants without chlorphyll”

2. WHAT MAKES A FUNGUS A FUNGUS??? 1. We seldom see the living parts. 2. Uses branches of tubing to obtain nutrients. 3. Unlike a plant or an animal, there are no differences in tissues or organs. 4. Lacks chlorophyll 5. releases powerful enzymes to break down organic matter for nutrients 6. Plants have cellulose in cell walls whereas fungi have chitin (which also forms the exoskeletons of insects, crabs and lobsters)

3. Fungi Fungi structure – completely unique! No two are structures are the same. Hyphae (singular, hypha) -- tiny threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane and covered by a cell wall Most fungi build cell walls out of chitin, a strong, flexible polysaccharide that is also found in the external skeletons of insects. The "mushroom" that you see above ground is the reproductive structure of the fungus. most fungi = multicellular hyphae of fungus branch as they grow, forming a mat = mycelium mycelium The mycelium functions as the feeding structure of a fungus.

4. 2. Hyphae individual filaments of cells. Cell walls contain a hair material called chitin. Hyphae digest through materials to obtain nutrients 1. Mycelium intertwined hyphae which makes up the body of a fungus

5. Fungi cannot run, swim, or fly in search of food -- the mycelium makes up for the fungus's lack of mobility by its ability to grow rapidly throughout a food source. more than 100,000 known species of fungi play an important role as decomposers recycle nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon Common food sources for fungi are fallen logs, bodies of dead animals, or the wastes of living organisms. some species of fungi are parasites…

6. Ringworm

12. Reproduction of Fungi Fungi reproduce by releasing large numbers of microscopic spores. Spores are haploid single cells with thick cell walls that function as the dispersal stage in the reproduction of fungi.Spores These tough reproductive cells are spread by the wind and can withstand unfavorable conditions for long periods of time. When conditions are favorable again, they can germinate (start to grow) and grow into new fungi.

14. Asexual Most reproduction is by asexual spores called conidia.asexualspores Sexual Hyphae from opposite mating types fuse, forming a heterokaryotic structure which then produces dikaryotic hyphae. The fruiting body is called an ascocarp. It is composed of dikaryotic hyphae and haploid hyphae.

15. Classification (by method of reproduction)

16. Chytrids These microscopic fungi live mostly in water and soil. Spores (asexual reproduction) and gametes (sexual reproduction) have flagella. These are the ONLY fungi with flagellated cells.

17. Types of Fungi Zygote Fungi –mostly terrestrial and live in soil or on decaying plant and animal material –reproduces asexually via sporangia or sexually forming zygosporangiumsporangia

18. Types of Fungi Sac Fungi –live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. –They range in size from single-celled species to large morels. –get their name from a specialized reproductive structure or "sac," called an ascus. –Like the zygote fungi, sac fungi usually reproduce asexually when conditions are suitable, and sexually when conditions become harsh.

19. Ascus (reproductive structure) of Sac Fungus

20. Types of Fungi Club Fungi –probably most familiar - mushrooms, puffballs, and rusts, are classified as club fungi. –named for their club-shaped, spore- producing structure called a basidium. –Many club fungi are important decomposers of wood and other plant material. –Club fungi primarily reproduce by sexual reproduction.

22. Types of Fungi Yeasts – A TYPE OF SAC FUNGI –Single-celled fungi –liquid or moist habitats including plant sap and animal tissues –Yeasts reproduce asexually, by simple cell division or by small "buds" off a parent cell. –Some yeast species also reproduce sexually –Humans have used yeasts to raise bread dough and ferment alcohol for thousands of years.

23. YEAST

24. Types of Fungi Molds – A TYPE OF SAC FUNGI –Any fungus that grows very rapidly on a surface is generally referred to as a mold.mold –asexual reproduction. –Mold spores are airborne and are found almost everywhere. –Warm, moist environments are ideal for spore germination and mold growth. Even the cellulose in paper and book covers provide ample nutrition for certain molds. Molds can also damage clothing, leather, paint, and even many plastics.

27. Importance of Fungi Symbiotic Fungi Symbiosis -- a close relationship between two different species that benefits at least one of them. Fungi participate in a number of important mutualistic relationships.

28. SYMBIOSIS Lichens A lichen is a mutualistic pairing of a fungus and an alga.lichen –Lichens are important pioneer organisms on newly cleared rock and soil surfaces –In the arctic tundra, caribou graze on lichens at times of the year when other foods are unavailable. –As tough as lichens are, however, many do not tolerate air pollution. -- The death of sensitive lichens in an area can be an early warning of poor air quality.

29. Lichen

30. Lichens

32. Lichen

33. SYMBIOSIS Mycorrhizae -- symbiotic relationships with most land plants. –fungal hyphae and plant roots. –The fungi absorb water and essential minerals from the soil and provide these materials to the plant. –The fungal mycelium greatly increases the surface area of the root in contact with the soil, which increases the plant's absorption of water and minerals. –The sugars produced by the plant, in turn, nourish the fungi.

36. Harmful Fungi Disease-causing Fungi –Of the 100,000 known species of fungi about 30 percent are parasites, mostly on or in plants. –Animals are much less susceptible to parasitic fungi than are plants. –Only about 50 species of fungus are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals. –yeast infections of the lungs, the skin disease called ringworm, or fungi that attack the feet and cause intense itching and sometimes blisters = athlete's foot –Fungicides are substances that kill fungi without seriously harming the host organism.

38. Ringworm

41. Piptoporus portentosus. it will destroy most of the heart-wood of the host tree.

42. Commercial Uses of Fungi –edible mushrooms, other edible fungi include truffles. –The distinctive flavors of certain kinds of cheeses come from the fungi used to "ripen" them. –As mentioned earlier, yeasts are particularly important in baking, brewing, and winemaking. And a number of antibiotics also come from fungi.

43. Truffles

44. Morel

45. The Role of Fungi in Chemical Cycling – –Fungi and bacteria are the principal decomposers that supply ecosystems with the nutrients essential for plant growth.