1. The Future of Computing: Grand Challenges and the Next Killer Apps CMSC 100 Tuesday, December 1, 2011 Adapted from slides provided by Prof. Marie desJardins

2. The Future of Computing  What are the “grand challenges” of computing---our next generation of big problems to solve?  What are some technologies on the horizon that may be “game-changing”?  Quantum computing  Self-configuring robotics and “smart matter”  Nanotechnology  What is the next “killer app”?

3. Grand Challenges: CRA 2002  In 2002, the Computing Research Association held a conference to identify Grand Challenges for computing 1.Systems You Can Count On  Global, scalable, persistent, reliable, efficient networks 2.A Teacher for Every Learner  Scalable, learner-centered distance learning/collaboration 3.Ubiquitous Safety.net  Disaster prediction, prevention, mitigation, and response 4.Conquering System Complexity  Self-configuring, -optimizing, -maintaining, -healing systems 5.Build a Team of Your Own  Augmented cognition: human/machine “cognitive partnerships”

4. Grand Challenges: UKCRC 2009  The UK Computing Research Committee has identified eight Grand Challenges for computer science 1.In Vivo  In Silico (virtual organisms) 2.Science for Ubiquitous Global Computing 3.Memories for Life (storing/searching pictures, video, email,...) 4.Architecture of Brain and Mind 5.Dependable Systems Evolution 6.Journeys In Non-Classical Computing (biological/natural) 7.Learning for Life 8.Bringing the Past to Life for the Citizen http://www.ukcrc.org.uk/grand-challenge/current.cfm

5. Quantum Computing  Bits can’t get any smaller  But electrons can be in multiple quantum states simultaneously (“superpositioning”)  qubit: can be in 2 states at once  2 qubits: 4 states at once  n qubits: 2 n states at once!   In effect, we can build massively parallel computers!  SciAm Special: How Do Quantum Computers Work?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSr7hyOHO1Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSr7hyOHO1Q Images: ams.org

6. 12-6 Encrypting the Message 10111  Recall:  n=pq, phi(n)=(p-1)(q-1), 1<e<phi(n), de = 1 (mod phi(n))  encrypted = message e mod n  message = encryped d mod n  Public keys: n = 91 and e = 5  Message: 10111  10111 two = 23 ten  23 e = 23 5 = 6,436,343  6,436,343 ÷ 91 has a remainder of 4  4 ten = 100 two  Thus, encrypted version of 10111 is 100.

7. 12-7 Decrypting the Message 100  Recall: n=pq, phi(n)=(p-1)(q-1), 1<e<phi(n), de = 1 (mod phi(n))  Decrypting keys: d = 29, n = 91  100 two = 4 ten  4 d = 4 29 = 288,230,376,151,711,744  288,230,376,151,711,744 ÷ 91 has a remainder of 23  23 ten = 10111 two  Therefore, decrypted version of 100 is 10111.

8. Cracking RSA  Public key can be made freely available – does not need to be kept secret  RSA can only be classically “broken” in one of three ways:  Get the private key  Factor the very large number, n (typically 1024-2048 bits) – computationally too hard 2 1024 is about 1 with 300 zeros 2 512 potential factors/ test 10 15 per second > 20 years  Solve the RSA problem (invert exponentiation and modulus) – also too hard  How would a quantum computer be used to crack RSA?  Shor’s Algorithm  http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol4/spb3/#ShorExample  http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/qcompu/shor/s.htm

9. Shor’s Algorithm – factoring 15 Source: http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol4/spb3/#ShorExample Create two registers big enough to factor N (15) Choose X that is than some value less than N Perform quantum calculation for each possible value of A (using X=2): AB 01 12 24 38 41 52 64 78 AB 81 92 104 118 121 132 144 158 Calculate the period of B (in this case, 4) and assign to f

10. Self-Configuring Systems  ckBot (University of Pennsylvania)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JG5GrAtalE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JG5GrAtalE  More nifty self-configuring robots:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkvpEfAPXn4&feature=fvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkvpEfAPXn4&feature=fvw Image: discovermagazine.com

11.  “Nano” refers to the scale of these systems:  1nm = 10 -9 meters = one billionth of a meter  Carbon-carbon bonds are about.15 nm  A DNA molecule has a diameter of about 2nm  The smallest cellular life form is about 200nm across  “Nanotechnology”: Devices that are smaller than ~100nm  First mention of nanotechnology (not by that name):  Richard Feynman, 1959 talk  First nanotechnology:  Fullerenes (discovered in 1985) – carbon molecules forming a hollow structure (sphere, ellipsoid, tube)  “Buckyball” – spherical fullerene (both named after Buckminster Fuller, inventor of the geodesic dome)  These are actually used today in manufacturing Nanotechnology Images: godunov.com, answers.com

12. Approaches to Nanotechnology  Self-assembly  Like the self-configuring systems we saw at the macro level!  Top-down design of “molecular machines”  We could theoretically program these nanomachines!  Nanorobotics  Programmable matter  Claytronics: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcaqzOUv2Aohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcaqzOUv2Ao  Applications: manufacturing, environmental remediation, medical treatment...

13. Killer App  A “killer app” is a paradigm-shifting technology application  Lots of things have been referred to as “killer apps”:  Spreadsheets  Email  The Web  Google  Word processing Images: celecus.com, logic.stanford.edu, google.com

14. What’s the Newest Killer App?  A Google search on “Next Killer App” reveals the following “killer apps” from the last few years:  Technology Source 2003:  RSS (Rich Site Summary) – news feeds for the masses  Popular Mechanics 2005:  VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): Skype, etc.  WiMAX (next-generation WiFi: has a range of a couple of miles)  “Freecycling” (give away your junk online)  Desktop search  Business Week 2007  Paperless maps (GPS)

15. What’s the Next Killer App?  Here are some of the “next killer apps” as cited by 2009 sources:  Dave Winer (tech blogger):  A better twitter (more bloggy?)  TheNextWeb.com  Voice twitter  David Warlick (blogger):  eportfolios for students  Info Week reader poll:  Search/data retrieval  VoIP  Identity management

16. The Next Killer App: Google Earth?  [Google Earth demo]  Google Earth application: Security watch  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J7qE6frzz8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J7qE6frzz8  Google Earth 5 – 3D Mars!  http://goggleearthvideos.magnify.net/video/Google-Earth-5-3D-Mars http://goggleearthvideos.magnify.net/video/Google-Earth-5-3D-Mars  Google Earth Zooms Too Close video:  http://www.break.com/index/google-earth-zooms-too-close.html http://www.break.com/index/google-earth-zooms-too-close.html