1. Proteins and amino acids

2. Protein Facts Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. They are molecules with diverse structures and functions.
Each different type of protein has a characteristic amino acid composition and order.
Proteins range in size from a few amino acids to thousands of them.
Folding is crucial to the function of a protein and is influenced largely by the sequence of amino acids.

3. Proteins are polymers
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. They are molecules with diverse structures and functions.
Polymers are made up of units called monomers
The monomers in proteins are the 20 amino acids

4. Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids
Each different type of protein has a characteristic amino acid composition and order.
Proteins range in size from a few amino acids to thousands of them.
Folding is crucial to the function of a protein and is influenced largely by the sequence of amino acids.

5. Polar side chains

6. Non Polar Hydrophobic side chains

7. Electrical charged hydrophilic

8. Functions of proteins Hormones – Growth hormone
Receptors – to Receive information so that cell can communicate with other cells
Neurotransmitters – messenger molecules – to send information between neurons
Cytoskeleton – actin, myosin, and collagen – the structure of connective tissue and muscles
Antibodies – Immunoglobulins to fight disease

9. Function of Proteins - continued
Enzymes – Biological catalysts
Transport of small molecules – Albumin and haptoglobin
Transport of oxygen – hemoglobin and myoglobin
Membrane proteins – to assist in support
Channels in membranes – to allow the passage of molecules or ions
Electron carriers in electron transport in the production of ATP

10. Functions( continued)i
Clotting proteins
Immune proteins to fight infectious agents
Histones – DNA binding proteins
Toxins to repel or kill other organisms
Bacteriocins – molecules produced by bacteria against bacteria

11. Biochemical Reactions
Polymerization reaction- condensation and dehydration synthesis – involves the loss of water between two amino acids and the formation of a peptide bond ( OH is lost from the carboxyl group and H is lost from the hydroxyl) requires energy
Hydrolysis – the addition of water causes the peptide bond to break and the amino acids to separate( releases energy)

12. Polymerization

13. Hydrolysis

14. Four levels of Protein Structure
There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
The precise sequence of amino acids is called its primary structure.
The peptide backbone consists of repeating units of atoms: N—C—C—N—C—C.
Enormous numbers of different proteins are possible.