1. Space Elevator Space

2. Goal of the class To understand the need of a space elevator and it’s uses Question of the day: What are the major problems with creating a space elevator. Previous answer: They are based on current understanding, just extrapolated further.

3. What is a Space Elevator? A space elevator is a proposed type of space transportation system. Transporting cargo from the Earth’s surface into outer space. Uses a long cable from the ground into space.

4. Where did the idea come from? Artsutanov, Y. 1960. V Kosmos na Elektrovoze, Komsomolskaya Pravda, (contents described in Lvov 1967 Science 158:946). Isaacs, J.D., Vine, A.C., Bradner, H., and Bachus, G.E. 1966. Satellite Elongation into a true ‘Sky-Hook’. Science 151:682. Pearson, J. 1975. The Orbital tower: a spacecraft launcher using the Earth’s rotational energy. Acta Astronautica 2:785. Clarke, A.C. 1979. The Space Elevator: ‘Thought Experiment’, or Key to the Universe. Adv. Earth Oriented Appl. Science Techn. 1:39.

5. The Space Elevator in Sci-Fi

6. How Would it Work?

7. From Sci-Fi to NASA Capture an asteroid and bring into Earth orbit Mine the asteroid for carbon and extrude 10m diameter cable Asteroid becomes counterweight Maglev transport system Tall tower base Large system 300 years to never…

8. Proposed System: Overview First elevator: 20 ton capacity (13 ton payload) Constructed with existing or near-term technology Cost (US$10B) and schedule (15 years) Operating costs of US$250/kg to any Earth orbit, moon, Mars, Venus, Asteroids Book by Brad Edwards and Eric Westling

9. New Materials Steel and other such materials would be too heavy. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer a viable solution.

10. Carbon Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes: measured at 200 GPa (54xKevlar) – Sufficient to build the elevator Mitsui(Japan): 120 ton/yr CNT production, US$100/kg – Sufficient to build the first elevator CNT composite fibers: 3-5% CNTs, 3 GPa, 5 km length – Not strong enough yet but a viable plan is in place to get there (Carbon Designs, Inc.)

11. Climbers Climbers built with current satellite technology Drive system built with DC electric motors Photovoltaic array (GaAs or Si) receives power from Earth 7-ton climbers carry 13- ton payloads Climbers ascend at 200 km/hr (or more) 8 day trip from Earth to geosynchronous altitude

12. Power Beaming Power is sent to deployment spacecraft and climbers by laser Solid-state disk laser produces kWs of power and being developed for MWatts Mirror is the same design as conventional astronomical telescopes (Hobby-Eberly, Keck)

13. Anchor Anchor station is a mobile, ocean-going platform identical to ones used in oil drilling Anchor is located in eastern equatorial pacific, weather and mobility are primary factors

14. Challenges A lot of dangers are faced on travelling into space

15. Budget ComponentCost Estimate (US$) Launch costs to GEO1.0B Ribbon production400M Spacecraft500M Climbers370M Power beaming stations 1.5B Anchor station600M Tracking facility 500M Other430M Contingency (30%)1.6B TOTAL ~6.9B Costs are based on operational systems or detailed engineering studies. Additional expenses will be incurred on legal and regulatory issues. Total construction should be around US$10B. Recommend construction of a second system for redundancy: US$3B

16. Advantages Low operations costs - US$250/kg to LEO, GEO, Moon, Mars, Venus or the asteroid belts No payload envelope restrictions No launch vibrations Safe access to space - no explosive propellants or dangerous launch or re-entry forces Easily expandable to large systems or multiple systems Easily implemented at many solar system locations

17. Applications Solar power satellites - economical, clean power for use on Earth Solar System Exploration - colonization and full development of the moon, Mars and Earth orbit Telecommunications - enables extremely high performance systems