1. Astronomy = the study of the universe Astro = star Centr = center Geo = earth Retro = back Pre = before Peri = around Mar = ocean Terre = ground Sol = sun Chrom = color pro = first

2. Astronomical History! Geocentric Model = moon, sun and planets orbit Earth.

3. Astronomical History! Heliocentric Model = Earth and other planets orbit sun.

4. Astronomical History! Ptolemaic System = Planets orbit Earth, but seemed to exhibit retrograde motion.

5. Astronomical History! Copernicus: Earth is a planet that orbits the sun. Brahe: Yes, but my observations are much more precise. Kepler: No, my 3 laws of planetary motion prove that Brahe is wrong. Galileo: Well, here is how the planets and their satellites move. Newton: The planets are held into a circle by the gravity of the sun.

6. Earth – Moon - Sun Rotation = spinning Revolution = going around another object Earth Rotating http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a001300/a001374/index.html PerihelionAphelion CLOSESTFARTHEST

7. SEASONS Plane of the Ecliptic = reference plane that runs from pole to pole. Plane is tilted about 23.5 o. Seasons are result of the tilt.

8. More Earth Movement Precession = very slow wobbling http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Mil ankovitch/Images/milankovitch_precess_high. mov

9. Earth - Moon Perigee = moon is closest to earth Apogee = moon is farthest from earth

10. Phases of the Moon http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/10001-the-moon-phases-video.htm

12. ECLIPSE Solar eclipse = moon is between earth and sun (like the background here!) and casts a shadow on Earth. Lunar eclipse = Earth moves between sun and moon and casts shadow on moon.

13. Man on the Moon http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World- News/Nasa-Releases-Footage-Of-Moon- Landing-When-Astronaut-Neil-Armstong-Took- First-Steps-On-July-20- 1969/Article/200907315338603

14. Earth’s Moon The Only Natural Satellite 1/4 th diameter of Earth Apollo moon mission 1969-1972 Gravity 1/6 th that of Earth 150 lb person = 25 lbs

15. Craters round depressions produced by impacts Impact by meteor. Compresses surface material. Rebound splash of ejecta.Uplift of deep rock in center.

17. Major Topographic features of the Moon : Highlands = light colored areas (almost as high as Mt. Everest!) Mare (Maria, pl.) = dark smooth areas (ancient beds of lava) Rilles are valleys or trenches. Regolith = soil-like layer

18. Lunar History When solar system was forming, a body the size of Mars impacted Earth and the debris shot into space. One piece was our Moon. How the Moon Formed http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9998- the-moon-formation-video.htm

19. The Solar System Terrestrial Planet = small and rocky (inner planets) Jovian Planet = large gaseous (outer planets) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=21B610C4-B1BB-40E0- 8760-825A41B19E12&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Nebular Theory = sun and planets formed from a rotating disk of dust and gases. Planetesimals = small, irregular-shaped bodies that collided and clumped together to form the planets. Formation of the Solar System

20. Asteroids = small, rocky bodies floating in space (Largest, Ceres, is about 1000 km in diameter!) Comets = pieces of rocky and metallic materials held together by frozen gases like water, ammonia, methane, etc. (Some take hundreds of thousands of years to make one orbit.) Small Pieces (w/Quiz) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cf m?guidAssetId=BD722E4D-32D2-4342-B475- F031BFDC4EEC&blnFromSearch=1&productco de=US

21. Coma = the glowing head of a comet produced when the sun begins vaporizing the comet’s frozen gases. Tail = stream of glowing vaporizing gases Halley’s Comet 76-yr-orbit

22. Kuiper Belt = disc-shaped region beyond Neptune where short-orbital comets originate. Oort Cloud = area spreading in all directions from the sun where long- orbital comets originate.

23. METEORS! Meteoroid small, solid particle travels through space origination interplanetary debris asteroid belt material remains of comets Meteor meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphere Meteor Shower = a group of meteors traveling in the same direction Meteor in Peru 2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7000000/newsid_7002300/7002376.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&asb=1&news=1&ms3=54&ms_javascript= true&bbcws=2

24. The SUN Photosphere = visible surface (90% hydrogen) Chromosphere = thin layer of hot gases (can see during solar eclipse) Corona = weak outermost layer (extends 1 million km) Solar wind = streams of protons and electrons

25. Convective Zone Radiative Zone Core Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Earth

26. Activity of the Sun: Sunspots = appear dark because they are cooler than the rest of the sun. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/sun/atmosphere/sun_rot ate_anim_jan2005.html&edu=high Prominences = large cloudlike structures consisting of chromospheric gases.

27. Solar Flares explosive events last about an hour sudden brightening above a sunspot cluster release enormous amounts of energy ejects atomic particles produce auroras (northern lights) http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://earthobser vatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/3000/3912/flare_soh _2003301.jpg&imgrefurl=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/I OTD/view.php%3Fid%3D3912&usg=__1KWUaN- ZdTALrPPKRSxiynbT1xU=&h=865&w=540&sz=74&hl=en&sta rt=3&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=jLzIYZNVqdx_VM:&tbnh=145&tb nw=91&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsolar%2Bflare%2Banimation %26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dc om.microsoft:en-us%26um%3D1 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://veimages.g sfc.nasa.gov/10194/a001168_pre.jpg&imgrefurl=http://visib leearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php%3Fid%3D10194&usg=__0rK 1487FipNjvZgrwD7bE1yTeO8=&h=242&w=320&sz=7&hl=en &start=13&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=rfP8CkCb5ln2KM:&tbnh=8 9&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsolar%2Bflare%2Bani mation%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26r ls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26um%3D1

28. It’s how far??!! 1 Light Year = how far light travels in one year. Light travels at 299,792,458 m/s so in one year light goes 5.88 trillion (5.88 × 10 12 ) miles. 1 A.U. (Astronomical Unit) is the distance from the Earth to the Sun which is 150 million km (93 million miles).

29. Earth’s diameter = 7,926 miles

31. ANTARES IS THE 15TH BRIGHTEST STAR IN THE SKY. IT IS MORE THAN 1000 LIGHT YEARS AWAY. THIS IS A HUBBLE TELESCOPE ULTRA DEEP FIELD INFRARED VIEW OF COUNTLESS 'ENTIRE' GALAXIES BILLIONS OF LIGHT- YEARS AWAY. BELOW IS A CLOSE UP OF ONE OF THE DARKEST REGIONS OF THE PHOTO ABOVE. Sun’s diameter = 870,000 miles

32. Sirius is the brightest star in the night-time sky. It is located in the constellation Canis Major. It is 8.5 light years away. Pollux is 33.7 light years away. Arcturus is 36.7 light years away.

33. ANTARES IS THE 15TH BRIGHTEST STAR IN THE SKY. IT IS MORE THAN 1000 LIGHT YEARS AWAY.