1. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 1 GRB Trigger Algorithms From DC1 to DC2 Nicola Omodei Riccardo Giannitrapani Francesco Longo Monica Brigida

2. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 2 DC1 Closeout status Many people involved in GRB detection: I think that the generation of GRB has been a success! 4(+1) groups have been working on GRB detections: –David Band –Jay Norris & Jerry Bonnell –Riccardo Giannitrapani et al. –Nicola Omodei –Tune Kamae et al.

3. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 3 Band’s method Break up sky in instrument coordinates into regions, and apply rate triggers to each region. The regions are ~PSF in size (builds in knowledge of the instrument). Use two (or more) staggered regions so that the burst will fall in the interior of a region. Rate trigger—statistically significant increase in count rate averaged over time and energy bin.

4. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 4 Estimating the Background The rate trigger requires an estimate of the background (=non-burst event rate). Typically the background is estimated from the non-burst lightcurve. BUT here the event rate is so low that a region’s background estimated only from that region’s lightcurve will be dominated by Poisson noise. The event rate per region is a few×10 -2 Hz. Band’s current method is to average the background over the FOV, and apportion it to each region proportional to the effective area for that region.

5. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 5 Problem with Background Estimation Problem: On short (~100 s) timescales the background is NOT uniform over the FOV. The ridge of emission along the Galactic plane causes many false triggers. Solution (not implemented yet): Better model of the background. Region with false trigger In the ~6 days of DC1 data,He found 16 bursts and 29 false triggers. Note that his spatial grids extend to inclination angles of 65º and 70º. The software He used was all home-grown IDL procedures.

6. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 6 They used only one N-event sliding window as the first bootstrap step in searching for significant temporal-spatial clustering. Compute Log {Joint (spatial*temporal) likelihood} for tightest cluster in window: Log(P) =  Log{ [1 – cos(d i )] / 2 } +  Log{ 1 – (1 + X i ) exp(-X i ) } Their work is somewhat at 45  to main DC1 purposes. But DC1 set us up with all the equipment necessary to proceed: Future emphasis will move to on-board recon problems: highest accuracy real-time triggers & localizations. Norris’s method

7. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 7 Very sensitive trigger — incorporates most of the useful information. 17 detections: 11 on Day 1; 6 on Days 2-6. Some bright, some dim. No false trigger. Formal expectation any detection is false << 10 -6 /day. Additional aspects we will evaluate for on-board implementation: Floating threshold; 2-D PSF; spatial clustering (Galactic Plane)

8. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 8 Riccardo’s method The aim of the Riccardo talk was to present a analysis tool call “R” He presented also an application of this tool for GRB searching, based on the quantile analysis. He looks for outliers in the distribution of the count rate

9. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 9 Some improvements Riccardo also compare the distribution of the counts with the Poisson distribution: The GRB are now really visible! Outliers

10. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 10 Some other improvements Another way to see the outliers is looking at the (smoothed) counts map for (RA, TIME) coordinates (or for (DEC,TIME)); For all photonsFor outliers

11. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 11 Nicola’s method First algorithm based on the trigger on the differential count rate (this get rid of the fluctuation of the background due to the galactic plane). Very easy and fast algorithm!

12. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 12 The division of the sky The same algorithm can be applied separately in sub region of the galactic map. This substantially reduces the background (non-burst events). 5 x 5 array reduces the “background” by a factor 25. Also faint burst can be detectable. Direct (70˚ x 36˚) information on the localization.

13. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 13 The 25 lightcurves

14. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 14 Comparing the results Generated 11 GRBs with spikes with more than 2 photons/second Spectral analysis done with XSPEC (Monica) Light curves visualized Position in the sky map visualized Burst photons GRB050718i

15. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 15 Common features and diversities All of us triggered on the counts rate (in different ways): the gamma background (simulated) is low compared with the burst flux. Both faint bursts (few tens of photons) and bright bursts (some hundreds of photons) have been successfully detected. A big improvement of the burst trigger rate has been reached by dividing the sky map in smaller region. This procedure represents a big advantage in terms of background “reduction”. David divide the sky map using instrument coordinates, maybe this is the reason of so many false triggers. Nicola, Jay and Jerry used galactic coordinates: no false trigger. Nicola developed a simple (and fast) algorithm and detect burst as much as Jay and Jerry did with more complicated algorithms. Riccardo pointed out that one of the burst vanishes if the standard cuts are applied to the data. This means that with with a realistic background which requires a realistic background filter, some burst photons will be killed by the filter.

16. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 16 GRB Trigger, Alert & DC2 On-board vs on-ground trigger algorithms. GBM comparison! Develop a common interface for the burst alert algorithms Better simulation of the background (including particles) Background estimation The development in other environments (IDL,Matlab,R, ROOT stand alone macros), is very useful, BUT the key point for the DC2 will be the development of science tools! On board On board recon (filter) Fast & Low memory consuming On ground Full recon High sensitivity No restriction on memory/time Data storage Buffer Trigger Algorithm Trigger on the counts rate Likelihood… Background estimation SkyMap segmentation Outliers

17. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 17 GRB Spectra  EventBin + XSPEC  (Francesco tutorial, XSPEC tutorial …..)  Fitting models: power_law / grbm

18. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 18 GRB050720a 1634 counts Tstart: 176761 Tstop: 176880 Ra: 128 Dec: 65 Flux: 2.9 E -6 erg cm -2 s -1

19. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 19 Power law model Model: powerlaw Model Fit Model Component Parameter Unit Value par par comp 1 1 1 powerlaw PhoIndex 1.74358 +/- 0.198269E-01 2 2 1 powerlaw norm 6.20041 +/- 1.32153 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chi-Squared = 849.3165 using 8 PHA bins. Reduced chi-squared = 141.5527 for 6 degrees of freedom Null hypothesis probability = 0.00

20. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 20 powerlaw ignore **-1e5 1e8-** Model: powerlaw Model Fit Model Component Param Unit Value par par comp 1 1 1 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.25854 +/- 0.403036E-01 22 1 powerlaw norm 12150.0 +/- 6275.72 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Chi-Squared = 36.43491 using 7 PHA bins. Reduced chi-squared = 7.286983 for 5 degrees of freedom Null hypothesis probability = 7.773E-07

21. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 21 GRB_050718i 75415 / 75474 ; 92 / 57 Model: powerlaw Model Fit Model Component Parameter Unit Value par par comp 1 1 1 powerlaw PhoIndex 1.79878 +/- 0.280451E-01 2 2 1 powerlaw norm 18.8932 +/- 5.67197 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chi-Squared = 212.8927 using 7 PHA bins. Reduced chi-squared = 42.57854 for 5 degrees of freedom Null hypothesis probability = 4.905E-44 GRB050718i 700 counts Tstart: 75415 Tstop: 75473 Ra: 92 Dec: 57 Flux: 2.6 E -6 erg cm -2 s -1

22. Udine 11- 03 - 2004 Nicola Omodei 22 GRB050718i powerlaw ignore **-1e5 1e8-** Model: powerlaw Model Fit Model Component Parameter Unit Value par par comp 1 1 1 powerlaw PhoIndex 2.16394 +/- 0.472441E-01 2 2 1 powerlaw norm 2908.87 +/- 1490.38 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chi-Squared = 2.117105 using 7 PHA bins. Reduced chi-squared = 0.4234209 for 5 degrees of freedom Null hypothesis probability = 0.833