1. Counters Dr. Rebhi S. Baraka rbaraka@iugaza.edu Logic Design (CSCI 2301) Department of Computer Science Faculty of Information Technology The Islamic University of Gaza

2. Outline Asynchronous Counter Operation Synchronous Counter Operation Up/Down Synchronous Counters Design of Synchronous Counters Counter Application

3. Asynchronous Counter Operation A 2-Bit Asynchronous Binary Counter – FF0 is triggered by the clock; at the positive going edge of. – FF1 is triggered by the Q 0 output of FF0; at the positive going transition.

4. Timing diagram for the 2-bit counter.

5. A 3-Bit Asynchronous Binary Counter – FF0 is triggered by the clock; at the positive going edge of. – FF1 is triggered by the Q 0 output of FF0; at the positive going transition. – FF2 is triggered by the Q 1 output of FF1; at the positive going transition.

6. 3-bit asynchronous binary counter and its timing diagram for one cycle.

7. A 4-Bit Asynchronous Binary Counter – FF0 is triggered by the clock; at the positive going edge of. – FF1 is triggered by the Q 0 output of FF0; at the positive going transition. – FF2 is triggered by the Q 1 output of FF1; at the positive going transition. – FF3 is triggered by the Q 2 output of FF2; at the positive going transition.

8. Four-bit asynchronous binary counter and its timing diagram.

9. Asynchronous Decade Counters These counters have 10 states in their sequence. A decade counter of states from 0000 to 1001 is called a BCD decade counter. Since the counter would have 16 states, it is forces to recycle before going through all of its possible state. The BCD decade counter is recycled to 0000 after the 1001 state. – This is done as shown in the next slide by decoding count 1010 with an NAND gate and – connecting the output of the NAND gate to the clear inputs of the flip-flops. What is Partial decoding? – Two unique states (in this case) are sufficient to decode the count of ten.

10. An asynchronously clocked decade counter with asynchronous recycling.

11. 2-Bit Synchronous Binary Counter – Both flip-flops are triggered by the clock. – FF0 is in the toggle mode. – The J and K inputs of FF1 are having 00 or 11 depending on Q 0 Synchronous Counter Operation

12. Timing diagram for the 2-bit synchronous counter.

13. Timing details for the 2-bit synchronous counter operation (the propagation delays of both flip-flops are assumed to be equal).

14. 3-bit synchronous binary counter

15. 4-bit synchronous binary counter

16. Synchronous BCD decade counter J 0 = K 0 = 1 J 1 = K 1 = Q 0 Q 3 J 2 = K 2 = Q 0 Q 1 J 3 = K 3 = Q 0 Q 1 Q 2 + Q 0 Q 3

17. Timing diagram for the BCD decade counter (Q 0 is the LSB).

18. Up/Down Synchronous Counters Called also bidirectional counter It is capable of progressing in either direction up or down in a certain sequence We study 3-bit up/down synchronous counter

19. 3-bit up/down synchronous counter J 0 = K 0 = 1 J 1 = K 1 = Q 0 ·UP + Q 0 ·DOWN J 2 = K 2 = Q 0 Q 1 ·UP + Q 0 ·Q 1 ·DOWN

20. A basic 3-bit up/down synchronous counter.

22. Design of Sequential Circuit A sequential circuit (state machine) consists of a combinational logic section and a memory section (flip-flops).

23. The information in the memory and the inputs to them combinational logic are required for the operation of the circuit. Not all sequential circuits are required to have inputs and outputs. All sequential circuits have excitation variables and state variables. Design of Sequential Circuit

24. Design Procedure for Sequential Circuits as Applied to Counters Steps: – State diagram – Next-State Table – Transition Table – Karnaugh Maps – Input Logic – Implementation

25. State Diagram State diagram for a 3-bit Gray code counter.

26. Examples of the mapping procedure for the counter sequence represented. Next-State Table

27. Karnaugh maps for present-state J and K inputs.

28. Three-bit Gray code counter.

29. Example: Designing a counter with the irregular binary sequence 1-> 2 -> 5 -> 7 We work this example entirely on the black board.

30. End of the slides These slides are based on Digital Fundamentals 9 th ed. By Thomas Floyd