1. Marcus Garvey Who was he? What was his impact on the “New Negro” movement?

2. Marcus Garvey’s Rise  Garvey established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in native Jamaica in 1914.  Two years later, he introduced UNIA to NY  After WWI - UNIA gains wide popularity among African-Americans (particularly new migrants from South)

3. Why was he so popular?  Garvey insisted “Black” stood for “strength and beauty, not inferiority”- asserted independence from “white society”  He expressed that only real solution for African-Americans was to go “Back to Africa”

4. In what ways did he demonstrate his ideas?  He organized: “Universal African Legion”, Universal Black Cross Nurses, Universal African Motor Corporation, Black Eagle Flying Corps, Black Star Steamship Line, “Empire of Africa” (‘21)  He claimed 4M followers in 1920 (6M in 1923)

5. Impact on “New Negro” Movement?  According to John Hope Franklin, “ though few Harlem authors would concede it,….he (Garvey) was one of the great energizers of the “New Negro Movement”.  NAACP and DuBois were critical - “bombastic and impractical”. Criticism was mutual - “NAACP wants us to become white”.

6. Inglorious Ending?  Garvey was imprisoned in Atlanta for “Mail Fraud” in ‘23 - financing his Black Star Steamship Line  Pardoned by Pres. Coolidge in ‘27  http://www.marcusgarvey.com/ http://www.marcusgarvey.com/  site site

7. Background Info - Charles S. Johnson  Born in Bristol, VA  Doctorate from Univ. of Chicago  Served in US Army in WWI (France)  Returned to study and report on Chicago Race Riot (1919)  Became director of National Urban League (NY)  Founded and edited - Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life (‘21)  Became President of Fisk University (‘46)

8. Charles S. Johnson  What was his interpretation of the “New Negro”?

9. Background Info - Alain Locke  Born in Philadelphia,PA - went to Central H.S.  Studied Philosophy and graduated from Harvard in 1902  Became first black Rhodes Scholar at Oxford Univ. in England  Edited Survey Graphic (‘25) and The New Negro (‘25)  Strongly endorsed the Arts (Visual, Drama,etc.)  “Negro drama must grow in its own soil and cultivate its own intrinsic elements; only in this way can it become truly organic, and cease being a rootless derivative.”

10. Alain Locke  What was his interpretation of the “New Negro”?