1. Perception Is…
The process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information

2. Two Theories Bottom-up theories
-Parts are identified, put together, and then recognition occurs
Top-down theories
-People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations

3. Constancy
Our ability to recognize that size, shape and brightness (color) don’t change even when sensory input of an object changes.
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Brightness constancy

4. Sensory adaptation
-Occurs when sensory receptors change their sensitivity to the stimulus
-Constant stimulation leads to lower sensitivity
-The brain is constantly processing and adjusting it’s perception of sensory input

6. Sensory Adaptation can lead to After Images

7. After Images in Color

9. Gestalt Organizational Principles
Module 07: Perception
Gestalt Organizational Principles

10. The “whole,” or the organizational patterns that we tend to perceive;
Gestalt
The “whole,” or the organizational patterns that we tend to perceive;
the Gestalt psychologists emphasized that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
By breaking experiences into their basic parts, something important is lost.

13. Draw what you Just saw Now compare your drawing with the original.
In what ways is it similar, what details did you miss?

14. Law of Praganz
Reality is organized and reduced to the simplest form possible.

15. Gestalt Organizational Principles: Figure-Ground Relationships
Module 07: Perception
Gestalt Organizational Principles: Figure-Ground Relationships

16. The figure is the object(s) that stands out or draws one’s attention.
Figure-Ground
The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).
The figure is the object(s) that stands out or draws one’s attention.
The ground is the background.

17. Figure-Ground

18. Gestalt Organizational Principles: Grouping Principles
Module 07: Perception
Gestalt Organizational Principles: Grouping Principles

19. The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into understandable units.
Grouping
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into understandable units.
Several principles of grouping include:
Similarity
Proximity
Closure
Continuity

20. The tendency to place items that look similar into a group
Grouping - Similarity
The tendency to place items that look similar into a group

21. Grouping - Proximity
The tendency to place objects that are physically close to each other in a group

22. Grouping – Closure
The tendency to look at the whole by filling in gaps in a perceptual field

23. Grouping – Continuity
The tendency to perceive that movement of an object continues once it appears to move in a particular direction

24. Grouping- Common fate
Objects that move or function in a similar manner will be seen as a unit.

25. What Principles Do we See

26. Depth Cues

27. Depth Cues Eleanor Gibson and her Visual Cliff Experiment.
If you are old enough to crawl, you are old enough to see depth perception.
We see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories:
Monocular Cues
Binocular Cues

28. Binocular Cues We need both of our eyes to use these cues.
Retinal Disparity (as an object comes closer to us, the differences in images between our eyes becomes greater.
Convergence (as an object comes closer our eyes have to come together to keep focused on the object).

29. Monocular Cues
You really only need one eye to use these (used in art classes to show depth).
Linear Perspective
Interposition
Relative size
Texture gradient
Shadowing
Relative Height

35. Illusions and Perceptual Set

36. Ponzo Illusion
Tricks our sense of size constancy

37. Mueller Lyon Illusion
Tricks our sense of linear perspective

38. Lets test ourselves

39. What Depth Cues did the vertical/Horizontal lines trick?

40. Illusions of Motion
Autokinetic effects

41. Phi Phenomenon : apparent movement between flashing stationary images

42. Stroboscopic: When images are flashed in sequence to create the illusion of continuous movement
“cell animation”

43. Emotions and Motivation
Influence our attention and perception

44. Perceptual Set
Experience builds expectations which direct perceptions

47. 2 minutes study and look for a pattern