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2. ORAL CAVITY ESOPHAGUS LIVER STOMACH GALL BLADDER GALL BLADDER PANCREAS SMALL INTESTINE SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE RECTUM ANUS Go Through The Tour EPIGLOTTIS Alimenary Canal

3. Amongst all the spectacle we can see in a human oral cavity, aka mouth, our tour will focus on the following: ◆ Tongue ◆ Teeth ◆ Tongue ◆ Teeth ◆ Salivary Gland ◆ Pharynx ◆ Salivary Gland ◆ Pharynx

4. Tongue directs the food to teeth and pushes them to the back of mouth for swallowing. BACK TO ORAL CAVITY BACK TO ORAL CAVITY

5. Teeth helps the physical digestion of food (chewing) and pushes food for swallowing. BACK TO ORAL CAVITY BACK TO ORAL CAVITY

6. BACK TO ORAL CAVITY BACK TO ORAL CAVITY Pharynx is where oral cavity and nasal cavity joins, the site of swallowing.

7. Salivary glands are where saliva is produced. Saliva contains enzymes that can digest carbonhydrates. Submaxillary Gland Submaxillary Gland Sublingual Gland Sublingual Gland Parotoid Gland Parotoid Gland BACK TO ORAL CAVITY BACK TO ORAL CAVITY

8. In ORAL CAVITY: Mechanical Digestion occurs due to “chewing” by teeth. In ORAL CAVITY: Mechanical Digestion occurs due to “chewing” by teeth. BACK TO ORAL CAVITY BACK TO ORAL CAVITY Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

9. In ORAL CAVITY: Chemical Digestion occurs due to salivary amylase which is produced by salivary glands. It breaks down starch to maltose by adding water. In ORAL CAVITY: Chemical Digestion occurs due to salivary amylase which is produced by salivary glands. It breaks down starch to maltose by adding water. BACK TO ORAL CAVITY BACK TO ORAL CAVITY Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes. Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes.

10. Epiglottis is a flap of tissue which prevents food from entering the air passage while swallowing.

11. Esophagus is the site ( a tube) which connects the pharynx to stomach. Food is transferred in esophagus due to peristalsis ( contraction of muscles).

12. Stomach is an J-shaped organ of abdominal cavity that is essential to human. We will focus on the following: ◆ Cardiac Sphincter ◆ Pyloric Sphincter ◆ Cardiac Sphincter ◆ Pyloric Sphincter ◆ Stomach ◆ Stomach

13. Cardiac sphincter is the band of muscle which closes off the top of the stomach. It prevents the gastric acid from entering the esophagus or heart. BACK TO STOMACH BACK TO STOMACH

14. Stomach is a site where both mechanical and chemical digestion occurs. It stores and churns and digests food. An low PH (acidic environment would fit more for it stimulates the release of enzymes). Stomach is a site where both mechanical and chemical digestion occurs. It stores and churns and digests food. An low PH (acidic environment would fit more for it stimulates the release of enzymes). BACK TO STOMACH BACK TO STOMACH

15. Pyloric sphincter is a band of muscle which closes off the bottom of the stomach. It allows small amount of gastric chyme to enter the duodenum. BACK TO STOMACH BACK TO STOMACH

16. In STOMACH: Mechanical Digestion occurs in the stomach as churning and churning also results a product namely acid chyme. In STOMACH: Mechanical Digestion occurs in the stomach as churning and churning also results a product namely acid chyme. Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. BACK TO STOMACH BACK TO STOMACH

17. In STOMACH: Stomach is where the chemical digestion of protein begins. In the stomach, gastrin (a hormone produced in lower part of the stomach) enters the blood stream and stimulates gastric glands in the upper part of the stomach and produce pepsinogen and HCL. Pepsinogen and HCL reacts to produce pepsin. Pepsin is a type or protease, a protease can break down proteins to peptides. Because HCL is strongly acidic and it may burn the lining of the stomach, thus mucous is produced to protect the lining. In STOMACH: Stomach is where the chemical digestion of protein begins. In the stomach, gastrin (a hormone produced in lower part of the stomach) enters the blood stream and stimulates gastric glands in the upper part of the stomach and produce pepsinogen and HCL. Pepsinogen and HCL reacts to produce pepsin. Pepsin is a type or protease, a protease can break down proteins to peptides. Because HCL is strongly acidic and it may burn the lining of the stomach, thus mucous is produced to protect the lining. BACK TO STOMACH BACK TO STOMACH Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes. Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes.

18. Liver is an essential organ of human body. It has the following function: 1)Produce bile 2)Destroys old red blood cell and converts hemoglobin to a product in bile 3)Stores glucose and glycogen after eating and breaks down glycogen to glucose between eating to help maintain glucose level of blood. 4)Produces urea from the breakdown of amino acids 5)Makes blood proteins from amino acids 6)Detoxifies the blood by removing poisonous substances and metabolizing them. Liver is an essential organ of human body. It has the following function: 1)Produce bile 2)Destroys old red blood cell and converts hemoglobin to a product in bile 3)Stores glucose and glycogen after eating and breaks down glycogen to glucose between eating to help maintain glucose level of blood. 4)Produces urea from the breakdown of amino acids 5)Makes blood proteins from amino acids 6)Detoxifies the blood by removing poisonous substances and metabolizing them.

19. Pancreas produces digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help digestion.

20. In PANCREAS: The other type of protease, trypsin, is produced in pancreas. When protein is added with water, it helps to break down protein to amino acids. Another type of amylase is called pancreatic amylase, it is produced in pancreas and it can also act on starch to convert it to maltose. Pancreatic juice is consisted of pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase and sodium bicarbonate, they are all formed in the pancreas. Nuclease is also formed in pancreas, they can break down RNA and DNA into nucleotide. In PANCREAS: The other type of protease, trypsin, is produced in pancreas. When protein is added with water, it helps to break down protein to amino acids. Another type of amylase is called pancreatic amylase, it is produced in pancreas and it can also act on starch to convert it to maltose. Pancreatic juice is consisted of pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase and sodium bicarbonate, they are all formed in the pancreas. Nuclease is also formed in pancreas, they can break down RNA and DNA into nucleotide. BACK TO PANCREAS BACK TO PANCREAS Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes. Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes. CHEMICAL DIGESTION NEXT PAGE

21. In PANCREAS: Pancreas is considered both an exocrine and endocrine organ because it both produces enzymatic substances (exo) and produces hormones(endo). Pancreas is also responsible for producing insulin. It is a type of hormone that will be secreted when blood sugar concentration is high, it causes live and muscles to take up and store excess glucose as glycogen. Insulin also promotes synthesis of protein and fats. Glucagon is another pancreatic hormone. It is secreted when blood sugar is low. It raises blood sugar level and stops protein and fat synthesis. Lipase, a part of pancreatic juice, is an enzyme that breaks down fat droplets into glycerol and three fatty acids. In PANCREAS: Pancreas is considered both an exocrine and endocrine organ because it both produces enzymatic substances (exo) and produces hormones(endo). Pancreas is also responsible for producing insulin. It is a type of hormone that will be secreted when blood sugar concentration is high, it causes live and muscles to take up and store excess glucose as glycogen. Insulin also promotes synthesis of protein and fats. Glucagon is another pancreatic hormone. It is secreted when blood sugar is low. It raises blood sugar level and stops protein and fat synthesis. Lipase, a part of pancreatic juice, is an enzyme that breaks down fat droplets into glycerol and three fatty acids. BACK TO PANCREAS BACK TO PANCREAS Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes. Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes.

22. Gall bladder stores bile. Bile is not an enzyme. Bile functions to break down fat into fat droplets by emulsification. Emulsification is the procedure that breaks down fats into fat droplets, emulsifiers such as bile can cause fat to mix with water because of its special structure of both a polar and nonpolar end. The molecules positions themselves in the fat droplets so that their nonpolar ends point inward into droplet and the polar ends point outward. Gall bladder stores bile. Bile is not an enzyme. Bile functions to break down fat into fat droplets by emulsification. Emulsification is the procedure that breaks down fats into fat droplets, emulsifiers such as bile can cause fat to mix with water because of its special structure of both a polar and nonpolar end. The molecules positions themselves in the fat droplets so that their nonpolar ends point inward into droplet and the polar ends point outward.

23. Intestines are part of lower abdominal cavity. Intestines have mesentery on their lining to protect them. We would visit the following: Intestines are part of lower abdominal cavity. Intestines have mesentery on their lining to protect them. We would visit the following: ◆ Duodenum ◆ Small Intestine ◆ Duodenum ◆ Small Intestine ◆ Large Intestine ◆ Large Intestine

24. Duodenum is the first 25 cm of the small intestine. BACK TO INTESTINES BACK TO INTESTINES

25. Small intestine is where the final digestion takes place. Small intestine has its unique structure for absorption. It is as long as seven meters with convoluted walls (to increase surface area) and villi along the walls. Villi is tiny finger-like projections and the villi themselves have even thinner microvilli Each villus is possessed with small blood vessels and a lacteal( a small lymph vessel). The lacteal absorbs fluids and returns it to the veins. Small intestine is where the final digestion takes place. Small intestine has its unique structure for absorption. It is as long as seven meters with convoluted walls (to increase surface area) and villi along the walls. Villi is tiny finger-like projections and the villi themselves have even thinner microvilli Each villus is possessed with small blood vessels and a lacteal( a small lymph vessel). The lacteal absorbs fluids and returns it to the veins. BACK TO INTESTINES BACK TO INTESTINES

26. Large intestine is divided into four portions: Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon. The main function of large intestine is to absorb water and vitamin. It also contains E.Coli, a kind of bacteria which helps to digest substances that are not yet digested. When bacteria works, it causes the ordor of feces. Large intestine is divided into four portions: Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon. The main function of large intestine is to absorb water and vitamin. It also contains E.Coli, a kind of bacteria which helps to digest substances that are not yet digested. When bacteria works, it causes the ordor of feces. BACK TO INTESTINES BACK TO INTESTINES

27. In duodenum, stomach chyme is neutralized. Bile breaks down fat into fat droplets. Pancreatic juice functions here. The duodenal wall produces hormones, the most important of which are secretin and CCK. Secretin helps the release of pancreatic juice. CCK helps the release of bile. Acid (HCL) stimulates the release of secretin. Partially digested protein and fat stimulate the release of CCK. Small intestine also produces peptidase which break down peptides into amino acids. In duodenum, stomach chyme is neutralized. Bile breaks down fat into fat droplets. Pancreatic juice functions here. The duodenal wall produces hormones, the most important of which are secretin and CCK. Secretin helps the release of pancreatic juice. CCK helps the release of bile. Acid (HCL) stimulates the release of secretin. Partially digested protein and fat stimulate the release of CCK. Small intestine also produces peptidase which break down peptides into amino acids. BACK TO INTESTINES BACK TO INTESTINES Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes. Chemical Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food using enzymes.

28. Appendix is where small intestine and large intestine connects. No known function to human. Appendix is where small intestine and large intestine connects. No known function to human.

29. Rectum is the enlarged portion of colon. It stores undigested food temporarily. Rectum is the enlarged portion of colon. It stores undigested food temporarily.

30. Anus is where undigested food exists the body, The process is known as elimination/defacation. Anus is where undigested food exists the body, The process is known as elimination/defacation.

31. INQUIRE TO LIFE CLASS NOTES (from Mr.Heard) Image.yahoo.ca Image.google.ca INQUIRE TO LIFE CLASS NOTES (from Mr.Heard) Image.yahoo.ca Image.google.ca