1. Japan

2. Complete the Atlas: From Imperial to Feudal Japan
After Exam:
Complete the Atlas: From Imperial to Feudal Japan

3. Assignments:
Map: recreate p. 319
Write: answer question #1 about the Samurai (You don’t have to role play )

5. Chinese influences on the Japanese court:
Modeled capital city after China (1 location)
Emperors sought both spiritual and political powers
Adopted aspects of Chinese government: Confucian calendar, and legal ideas
Chinese character script adopted by courts.
Architecture: curving tile roofs became popular in the homes of aristocrats.
A Divine Emperor: The Spiritual Leader of Japan
Prior to 400 A.D., clans ruled separate areas of Japan.
Emperor considered descendant of Sun Goddess and most important person in Shinto (native religion).
Emperor respected for religious, not political power.

6. Rise of Provincial Nobles
Were rugged, independent, led private armies.
Became more powerful as court nobles isolated themselves.
Constantly battled with one another over control of provinces (a province is an outlying area)

7. Mongol invasions (1185 – 1333 A.D.)
Threat from outside
Mongol invasions (1185 – 1333 A.D.)
Kublai Khan wanted to subjugate Korea and Japan:
sent 450 ships & 15,000 troops to Japan. A typhoon (hurricane) destroyed them.
7 years later, he tried again.
Another typhoon destroyed them as well.
Japanese called this, “Divine Wind” or Kamikaze.

8. Aftermath of Mongol Invasions
Sense of national unity developed
Japanese felt their culture was superior
Samurai warriors began to dominate society
Took control of government, creating a Bakufu, a military government.
Emperor acted only as religious leader.

9. Bakufu Shogun: Military and political leader of Japan Daimyo:
High-ranking samurai lords who provided
shogun with warriors in exchange for land
Samurai:
Lower-ranking warriors who served their daimyo in
exchange for Small manors
Peasants:
Lowest class: worked land for their lord

10. The Unification of Japan
Shoguns rule Japan, 12th-16th centuries
Large landholders with private armies
Emperor merely a figurehead
Constant civil war: 16th century sengoku, “country at war”
Tokugawa Ieyasu (r ) establishes military government
Bakufu: “tent government”
Establishes Tokugawa dynasty ( )

11. Tokugawa Japan,

12. Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”)
Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords
Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign relations, etc.
From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year at court
Controlled marriage, socializing of daimyo families
Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations
Travel, import of books forbidden
Policy strictly maintained for 200 years

13. Economic Growth in Japan
End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity
New crop strains, irrigation systems improve agricultural production
Yet population growth moderate
Contraception, late marriage, abortion
Infanticide: “thinning out the rice shoots”

14. Population Growth

15. Social Change
End of civil disturbances create massive unemployment of Daimyo, Samurai warriors
Encouraged to join bureaucracy, scholarship
Many declined to poverty
Urban wealthy classes develop from trade activity

16. Neo-Confucianism in Japan
Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period
Chinese language essential to curriculum
Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism remains popular
“Native Learning” also popular in 18th century
Folk traditions, Shinto

17. Floating Worlds (ukiyo)
Urban culture expressed in entertainment, pleasure industries
Marked contrast to bushido ethic of Stoicism
Ihara Saikaku ( ), The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love
Kabuki theatre, men playing women’s roles
Bunraku puppet theatre

18. Christianity in Japan Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549
Remarkable success among daimyo
Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans
Government backlash
Fear of foreign intrusion
Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism
Anti-Christian campaign restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians
Sometimes by crucifixion

19. Persecution of Catholics

20. Dutch Learning
Dutch presence at Nagasaki principal route for Japanese understanding of the world
Before ban on foreign books lifted (1720), Japanese scholars study Dutch to approach European science, medicine, art

21. Transformation of Japan
Japanese society in turmoil in early 19th century
Poor agricultural output, famines, high taxes
Daimyo, samurai classes decline, peasants starve
Tokugawa government attempts reforms,
Cancelled daimyo, samurai debts
Abolished merchant guilds
Compelled peasants to return to cultivating rice
Reforms ineffective

22. Foreign Pressure
Europeans, Americans attempting to establish relations
U.S. in particular look for Pacific ports for whalers, merchants
Japan only allowed Dutch presence in Nagasaki
1853 Matthew Perry sails gunship up to Edo (Tokyo), forces Japanese to open port
Sparks conservative Japanese reaction against Shogun, rally around Emperor in Kyoto

23. The Meiji Restoration (1868)
Brief civil war between imperial and Tokugawa forces
1868 Emperor Mutusuhito (Meiji, ) takes power
Goals of prosperity and strength: “rich country, strong army”
Resolved to learn western technology

24. Meiji Reforms
Travelers Fukuzawa Yukichi ( ) and Ito Hirobumi ( ) travel to U.S., Europe
Argue for adoption of western legal proceedings, technology
Meiji government removes privileges for daimyo, samurai
Conscript army replaces samurai mercenaries
Samurai rebellion crushed by national army
Tax reform: payment in cash, not kind

25. Constitutional Government
1889 constitution promulgated
Conservative: only 5 % of male population allowed to vote in 1890 election
Economic reforms to promote rapid industrialization
Dramatic improvement in literacy rates
Government holdings sold to private investors: zaibatsu, financial cliques develop

26. By 1890, Japan has strong navy and large army
Japan Ends Its Isolation
The Demand for Foreign Trade
Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)—Japan opens two ports to American ships
By 1860, Japan has trade agreements with many nations Meiji Reform and Modernization
Anger over these trade deals forces shogun to step down in 1867
Meiji era—time of reform begun by Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito
Meiji emperor reforms, modernizes using Western models
By early 1900s, Japan has industrialized, is competitive with West
Military Strength
By 1890, Japan has strong navy and large army
In 1894, Japan gets Western nations to give up special rights

27. End Current Unit
The rest will be covered and assessed in the last unit on the 1900s

28. Japan Attacks China
Japan forces Korea to open three ports to Japanese trade in 1876
In 1885, Japan and China agree not to send troops to Korea
In 1894, China sends troops to put down rebellion in Korea
Japan drives Chinese out of Korea, gains Chinese territory
Russo-Japanese War
In 1903, Japan and Russia begin struggle over Manchuria
Japan attacks Russia in 1904, launching Russo-Japanese War
In 1905, treaty ends the war; Japan gains captured territories
Japanese Occupation of Korea
Japan makes Korea a protectorate in 1905
In 1910, Japan completes annexation of Korea
Japan rules harshly in Korea, leading to growing Korean nationalism
Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor (oil)

29. Pacific Theater
U.S. had been fighting Japan in the Pacific some, but after the war was over in Europe, it was full force.
The campaign was called Island Hopping.
Navajo Code Talkers and the Marines were the main forces in the Pacific, although all branches participated.

31. The Island Hopping campaign was unlike any other combat.
Flame throwers, jungle fighting, disease (malaria), and an enemy that would not quit.
Explosions and close fighting were common. (Daisy cutters)

32. August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima destroyed
August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki destroyed.
Japanese surrendered, WWII ends.
President Truman ordered the bomb dropped to save lives.