1. Chapter 2 – Basic Kinematic Concepts
Forms of Motion
Directional Terms
Planes of Sections + Axes of Rotation
Joint Movement Terminology

2. Forms of motion
Translation: all parts of a body travel exactly the same distance, in the same direction, in the same time.
Rectilinear translation – straight line translation
Curvilinear Translation – curved line translation
Angular (rotational) motion: – all parts of the body, move along a circular path about the same point called the axis of rotation, so that all parts travel through the same angle, in the same direction, in the same time.

3. General Motion: a combination of translation and rotation - most movements are difficult to classify into pure translation or rotation.

4. Directional Terms Superior (cranial) – closer to the head
Inferior (caudal) – farther from the head
Anterior (ventral)– toward the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back of the body
Medial - closer to the mid-line
Lateral – further from the mid-line
Proximal – closer to the trunk
Distal - farther from the trunk
Palmer (volar)– palm side of hand
Plantar (volar) - sole of foot
Dorsal – back of hand / top of foot
Superficial/deep – closer to the surface/farther from the surface

5. Planes of Section and Axes of Rotation

6. Joint Movement Terminology
In the sagittal plane about the mediolateral axis.
Flexion – decreasing joint angle or anteriorly directed rotations of the head, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, and upper leg. Posteriorly directed movement of the lower leg
Extension – increasing joint angle (back to anatomical position) or returns a body segment to the anatomical position from flexion
Hyperextension – movement of the joint angle beyond the anatomical position in the opposite direction to flexion
Plantar flexion – top of the foot away from the tibia
Dorsiflexion – top of the foot toward the tibia

7. ADduction – movement towards the midline
In the frontal plane about the anteroposterior axis
ABduction – movement away from the midline
ADduction – movement towards the midline
Lateral Flexion (head and trunk)
Elevation – upward movement
Depression – downward movement
Inversion – sole of the foot inward (medially)
Eversion – sole of the foot outward (laterally)

8. In the transverse plane about the longitudinal axis.
Rotation:
Left / Right rotation – for head, neck, and trunk
Medial rotation – rotation towards the midline
Lateral rotation – rotation away from the midline
Pronation – rotation of forearm/hand towards the midline
Supination – rotation of forearm/hand away from the midline
Protraction – movement forward
Retraction – movement backward
Special case
Circumduction – distal end of limb moves in a circle while the proximal end is stable.