1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

2. Anatomy Physiology Structural organization of living things
Basic processes that occur in the human body

3. Anatomical Position Upright, standing position
Face & feet pointing forward
Arms at side
Palms facing forward (supinated)
Why do we care?

4. Universal starting point from which to describe anatomical features and positions
Consistency of description - ability to communicate with each other
*structures will always be described as they are to the subject rather *

5. Anatomical Terms of Location
Anterior/Posterior
Superior/Inferior
Proximal/Distal
Medial/Lateral
Superficial/Deep
Refers to a part of the body in relation to another
Pg. 6 in textbook

6. TERM
MEANING
EXAMPLE
Anterior
Towards the front of the body
The knee cap is on the anterior side of the leg
Posterior
Towards the back of the body
The shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs
Superior
Towards the head
The heart is superior to the stomach
Inferior
Towards the feet
The chest is inferior to the neck
Medial
Towards the midline of the body
The big toe is medial to the 5th toe
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand
Proximal
Closer to the trunk or point of origin
The hip is proximal to the knee
Distal
Further from the trunk or point of origin
The wrist is distal to the elbow
Superficial
Closer to the surface of the body
Skin is superficial to the muscle
Deep
Further from the surface
The lungs are deep to the ribs

8. Examples: The nose is ____________ to the ears
Examples: The nose is ____________ to the ears. The fingernails are ____________ to the skin. The pinky is __________ to the thumb.
ANTERIOR
SUPERFICIAL
MEDIAL

9. Anatomical Planes
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Relate to positions in space and are at right angles to one another

10. 1. Frontal (coronal) plane
Divides body into front & back segments
2. Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides body into upper & lower segments
3. Sagittal (median) plane
Divides body into right & left segments
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse

11. Anatomical Axes
An axis is a straight line around which an object rotate
Movement at the
joint take place in a plane about an axis
Horizontal Longitudinal Antero-posterior

12. 1. Horizontal axis
East-west in relationship to anatomical position
2. Longitudinal axis
North-south in relationship to anatomical position
3. Antero-posterior axis
Front to back in relationship to anatomical position

13. Describing Position & Movement
A body movement can be described in terms of the anatomical plane through which it occurs and the anatomical axis around which it rotate
RULE:
The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement

14. Longitudinal
Sagittal
Plane
Frontal
Plane
Antero-Posterior
Horizontal
Transverse
Plane

15. Axis of Rotation
Plane of Motion
Example
Horizontal
Longitudinal
Antero-posterior
Walking
Squatting
Cycling
Sagittal
Transverse
Twist
Pirouette
Jumping Jacks
Side Bend
Frontal

16. Types of Body Movement
Retraction/Protraction Abduction/Adduction Flexion/Extension Pronation/Supination Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion Depression/Elevation Reposition/Opposition Inversion/Eversion External Rotation/Internal Rotation Circumduction
pg. 4-5 in textbook

19. External Rotation
Internal Rotation

26. Thumb Reposition

27. Movements in Anatomical Planes
What types of movement occur on these planes?
Sagittal Plane
Frontal Plane
Transverse Plane