1. Behavioral, Structural, and Reproductive Adaptations
Mrs. Harlin

2. 2.1.2
Analyze the survival and reproductive success of organisms in terms of behavioral, structural, and reproductive adaptations.

3. Circulatory System

4. Transport and Excretion
Animals
Food absorbed from the digestive system enters the circulatory system where nutrients are delivered to cells throughout the body.

5. Digestive System Enzymes break down food into smaller components.
Mouth (carbohydrates)
Esophagus
Stomach (proteins)
Small Intestines (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)
Large Intestines (absorbs water)
Anus

6. Liver Removes excess glucose and stores it as glycogen.
Converts amino acids and fats into energy to be used during metabolism.
Stores vitamins and minerals.
Produces bile for fat digestion.

8. Homeostasis
Drinking to much during meals or not eating a well balanced diet can alter the acidity of the stomach, making digestion harder.
Not drinking enough water throughout the day can also decrease digestion because without water nutrients and waste cannot flow in and out of cells.

9. pH Levels of Organs and Body Fluids Organ or fluid pH level
Saliva 6.5 to 7 (slightly acidic to neutral)
Blood 7.36 (slightly alkaline)
Stomach 1.5 to 3 (very acidic)
Pancreatic juice 8.8 (alkaline)
Bile 7 to 7.7 (slightly alkaline)
Small intestine 7 to 7.5 (slightly alkaline)
Large intestine 6.5 to 7.3 (slightly acidic to slightly alkaline)
Urine 6.5 to 7 (slightly acidic to neutral)

10. Transport and Excretion
Plants
Vascular- water travels through tissues called xylem; sugar travels through tissues called phloem.
Nonvascular- water and minerals enters directly through the plasma membrane and travels through the plant via osmosis.

11. Respiration Release of gases Cellular Respiration
Aerobic- requires oxygen (animals, plants)
Anaerobic- no oxygen required (yeast, bacteria)

12. Aerobic Respiration Animals
Lungs (mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians)
Diffusion through the skin (amphibians, worms)
Gills (fish and sharks)

13. Lungfish

14. Respiration
Plants

15. Photosynthesis Respiration
Occurs in the presence of light (and chlorophyll in plant cells)
Occurs at all times in cells
Requires energy (light) to make sugar (glucose)
Releases energy from sugar
Complex substances (sugar) are formed from simpler ones.
Complex substances (sugar) are broken down into simpler ones.
Carbon dioxide and water are the raw materials.
Carbon dioxide and water are the waste products.
Oxygen is given out.
Oxygen is taken in.

16. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Occurs in the mitochondria of animal and plant cells!
O2 + glucose -> CO2 + H2O + ATP

17. Anaerobic Respiration
Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast and some bacteria, and produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
Lactic Acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells and bacteria. A build up of lactic acid is what causes muscle soreness.

18. Nutrition
Autotrophs- organisms that can make their own food (photosynthesis).
Heterotrophs- organisms that consume food or decompose food.

19. Photosynthesis
Occurs in chloroplasts of plants and some protists such as algae.
CO2 + H2O -> O2 + glucose
Sunlight is the energy source.

20. Reproduction
Sexual- gametes are needed to create offspring with variation.
Asexual- gametes are not needed because an organism makes an exact copy of itself.

21. Sexual Reproduction
Animals- egg and sperm make a zygote, which grows into an embryo, which grows into a fetus
Plants- egg and pollen make a seed which germinates.
Plants and Fungi- some make spores

22. Internal Fertilization
Egg and sperm unite inside the organism.
Mammals- nourishment by the placenta
Birds
Reptiles
Nourishment by amniotic egg

23. External Fertilization
Egg and Sperm unite outside of the organism.
Amphibians
Fish
Ferns
Water is needed for fertilization.

24. Seed plants
Gymnosperms- cone bearing plants

26. Seed plants
Angiosperms- flowering plants

29. Behavioral Adaptations
As an organism develops special behaviors which may be innate or learned are important for survival.

30. Suckling

31. Taxis Chemotaxis (Termites release pheromones for communication)
Phototaxis (Plants response to light)

32. Migration

33. Estivation/Hibernation
A state of lower metabolic activity- torpor.
Estivation- summer; heat and drought
Hibernation- winter; cold and drought

34. Habituation
Habituation is when an organism stops responding to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

35. Imprinting
Imprinting is learning that occurs early in development that cannot be changed such as ducks and geese recognizing the first person they see as their mother.

36. Classical Conditioning
Stimulus association
Ex: Pavlov’s dogs
Bell=dog salivating because he associates it with food.

37. Trial and Error Learning
Rewards and punishments

38. Basking Shark

39. Red-Breasted Goose

40. References tutorvista.com lauragrady.com writeonnevada.com
kingdomplantae.blogspot.com
childrenscolorado.org
reptilegardens.com
myths.e2bn.org
Arkive.org
vtaide.com

41. References shs.westport.k12.ct.us
Howstuffworks.com