1. APUSH – Lecture 8B (covers Chapter 28) Ms. Kray

3. Industrial Production “ War is no longer simply a battle between armed forces in the field.” Another total war  The nation must be mobilized  Mobilization is not voluntary like WWI The Great Depression is over!

4. Office of War Mobilization (OWM) Set production priorities and controlled raw materials

5. War Production Board (WPB) Established in early 1942 to manage war industries

6. More WPB Posters

7. War Production Skyrockets! U.S. industries exceeded their production and profits of the 1920s!  By 1944 unemployment had practically disappeared By 1944 our war-related industrial output was twice that of all the Axis powers combined Henry Kaiser’s giant shipyard could turn out a ship in 14 days!

8. Office of Price Administration (OPA) Regulated almost every aspect of civilians’ lives Froze prices, wages, and rents

9. The OPA and Rationing Rationing Book and stamps Commodities like meat, sugar, gasoline, and tires were rationed

10. Labor and the War Labor unions and corporations agreed to NO STRIKES! Workers unhappy when wages were frozen but corporations continued to make large profits  John L. Lewis called for a few strikes of coal unions Smith-Connally Anti- Strike Act of 1943  Passed over FDR’s veto

11. Financing the War Government paid for huge increase in spending by:  Increasing income tax  1944 – practice of automatically deducting a withholding tax from paychecks begun  Selling war bonds  Sold $135 billion

13. Power of the President and Federal Government increased even more

14. Election of 1940: Roosevelt Breaks the Two-Term Tradition F.D. Roosevelt (D) vs. Wendell Wilkie (R) Issues:  Global crisis  Third-Term

15. Election Results: FDR’s Closest Election

16. African-Americans and the War More Job Opportunities  1.5 mil left the South for defense jobs in the North and West  Still faced discrimination  A. Philip Randolph threatens a march on Washington  FDR issued executive order banning discrimination in defense industries  Fair Employment Practices Commission monitored 1 mil joined the armed forces  Served in segregated units  Buffalo Soldiers, Tuskegee Airmen  End of war President Truman desegregates the army Faced continued discrimination  1943 - Race riots in New York and Detroit

17. African Americans and the "Double V" The Double V  Victory over fascism abroad and victory for equality at home NAACP membership increased CORE formed, 1942  Congress on Racial Equality  Worked more militantly for black interests Smith v. Allwright (1944)  Unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to blacks as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries

18. Mexican-Americans and the War Many worked in defense industries Over 300,000 served in the military Bracero Program, 1942  Agreement w/Mexican gov  Allowed Mexican farm workers to enter the U.S. in harvest season w/o going through formal immigration process  Thousands enter as temporary workers but stay

19. Mexican-Americans Face Discrimination: Zoot-Suit Riots, 1943 Sudden influx of Mexican immigrants stirred white resentment

20. Native American Do Their Part Approximately 25,000 served in the military  Some served as Code Talkers Having left the reservations, more than half never returned

21. Women and the War Forever changed the lives of women  Caused a significant movement of married women into the workforce 200,000 served in the military in noncombat roles Shortage of workers led 5 million to enter the workforce  The pay they received was well below that of male factory workers “Rosie the Riveter”

22. Women's Jobs Advertised as Temporary

23. Women Do Their Part

24. Immigrants and the War: Patriotism Speeds Assimilation Compared to WWI, displayed little hostility to German Americans Ethnicity seemed less a source of menacing difference than evidence of healthy diversity  Exception: Japanese-Americans

26. Office of War Information Government’s wartime propaganda could found everywhere  Posters, songs, news bulletins, movies, radio, etc. Purpose:  Maintain public morale  Encourage people to sacrifice & conserve resources  Increase war production  Reflect a cheerful, patriotic view of the war

27. Why We Fight!

28. "Loose Lips Sink Ships"

29. Conserve Valuable Resources!

30. Even Dr. Seuss Does His Part!

38. After Pearl Harbor Anti-Japanese Feeling Sweeps the U.S. Japanese portrayed as devious, malign, and cruel people

39. More Examples of Anti-Japanese Sentiments

40. Despite the anti-Japanese hysteria, more than 20,000 Japanese Americans served in WWII  442 nd Regiment, composed mostly of Japanese-American soldiers, was the most decorated of WWII

41. Executive Order #9066, March, 1942 Only about 127,000 Japanese Americans in the U.S.  Most concentrated in Hawaii & CA  Two-thirds were Nisei  Naturalized or native born citizens FDR ordered that all Japanese Americans living on the West Coast be removed to “relocation centers” for the duration of the war Why?  Irrational fears of potential spies and saboteurs  Racism - only Japanese Am. on West Coast interned not Hawaii

42. Japanese Internment War Relocation Authority created to oversee project More than 100,000 people rounded up including Nisei  Told to dispose of their property however they could  Usually meant abandoning it

43. Japanese Internment: Life at the Camps The camps were essentially prisons Conditions were not brutal but they were harsh and uncomfortable Many were located in western mountains and the desert

44. Japanese Internment: Life in the Camps Internment never produced significant popular opposition  Once they were in the camps they were largely forgotten Beginning in 1943 conditions slowly improved  Some left the camps to attend colleges on the East Coast  Some moved to cities to work in factories  Some Nisei joined the army ManzanarManzanar

45. Relocation Camp: Manzanar, CA

46. Korematsu v. United States, 1944 Japanese American Citizens League protested the U.S. governments “relocation” policy Supreme Court upheld Executive Order #9066 and the internment policy  It wasn’t until 1988 that the U.S. government acknowledged that an injustice had been done  Interned Japanese Americans received reparations for the property they lost

47. MR. JUSTICE MURPHY, dissenting. Korematsu.v US (1944) This exclusion of "all persons of Japanese ancestry, both alien and non-alien," from the Pacific Coast area on a plea of military necessity in the absence of martial law ought not to be approved. Such exclusion goes over "the very brink of constitutional power" and falls into the ugly abyss of racism... I dissent, therefore, from this legalization of racism. Racial discrimination in any form and in any degree has no justifiable part whatever in our democratic way of life. It is unattractive in any setting but it is utterly revolting among a free people who have embraced the principles set forth in the Constitution of the United States. All residents of this nation are kin in some way by blood or culture to a foreign land. Yet they are primarily and necessarily a part of the new and distinct civilization of the United States. They must accordingly be treated at all times as the heirs of the American experiment and as entitled to all the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.