1. Genetic variability of HCMV strains isolated from Polish pregnant women, their fetuses and newborns 3rd International Conference on Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Genomics Valencia, Spain September 24 th -26 th 2014 W. Wujcicka 1, M. Rycel 1, B. Zawilińska 3, E. Paradowska 4, P. Suski 4, Z. Gaj 1, J. Wilczyński 1,2, Z. Leśnikowski 4, D. Nowakowska 1,2 1 Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; 2 Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynecology, III rd Chair of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz; 3 Department of Virology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; 4 Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland

2. Seroprevalence of HCMV infections Prevalence from 40% to 100% varying between continents and countries The most common etiologic agent of intrauterine infections in fetuses (0.2% to 2.2% of all live births) and a major cause of infection induced hearing loss and mental retardation Hyde TB et al. (2010) Rev Med. Virol. 20: 311-326 http://www.abbottdiagnostics.com.au/Your_H ealth/Infectious_Diseases/CMv/

3. Genetic variability of HCMV Approximately 20 HCMV ORFs encoding viral envelope glycoproteins B (gB, UL55), H (gH, UL75) and N (gN, UL73), and chemokines and chemokine receptors, as well as TNF-α receptor (pUL144, UL144) Puchhammer-Stöckl E and Görzer I. (2011) Future Virol. 6(2): 259-271

4. HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) The major HCMV envelope protein, important for viral replication in vivo and in vitro as well as host cell entry, cell-to-cell virus transmission, and fusion of infected cells The site at position 460 cleaved by cellular endoprotease The region between 448 and 481 codons including the area of the highest genetic variability of UL55 Pignatelli S et al. (2004) Rev Med Virol. 14(6):383-410

5. HCMV UL55 genotypes in congenital cytomegaly The gB1 genotype of HCMV most commonly observed in congenital cytomegaly worldwide Single gB1 genotype of HCMV identified in congenital infections from Southern Hungary Co-infections with various HCMV gB strains observed in infants from the U.S. and China

6.  Determination of HCMV UL55 genotypes in pregnant Polish women, their fetuses and newborns  Estimation of the impact of viral genotypes on both the transplacental transmission of the virus and disease outcome in the offsprings Aims of study:

7. Materials and Methods: Collection of clinical specimens

8. Patients’ classification for molecular testing Serological screening: Anti-CMV IgG and IgM tests (Diasorin/Biomedica, Italy) based on Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) between 2009 and 2011 years Tests based on an Enzyme-Linked Fluorescence Assay (ELFA) between 2012 and 2013 Determination of IgG avidity Clinical symptoms observed in pregnant women and their fetuses: Flu-like symptoms in mothers Ultrasound markers in fetuses: ventriculomegaly, hydrocephaly and fetal hydrops as well as intrauterine growth restriction, ascites, pericardial effusion, cardiomegaly and the presence of hyperechogenic foci in different organs like the fetal brain, liver and pancreas Preparation of DNA to further molecular studies: Nucleic acid extraction with QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and storage at -20 o C

9. HCMV DNA detection and quantification Real-time Q PCR assay for UL55 gene fragment of length 150 bps with forward and reverse primers and TaqMan probe of the following sequences: 5’-GAGGACAACGAAATCCTGTTGGGCA-3’, 5’-TCGACGGTGGAGATACTGCTGAGG-3’, and 5’-6-FAM-CAATCATGCGTTTGAAGAGGTAGTCCA-TAMRA-3’ Absolute quantification analysis using standard curves for serial 10-fold HCMV DNA dilutions from 10 5 to 1 viral copy

10. Genotyping of HCMV strains R eal-time PCR assay to amplify DNA fragments of lengths between 72 and 79 bp, dependent on HCMV UL55 genotype Single reactions performed in two separate tubes for gB1 and gB3 as well as gB2 and gB4 genotypes Serial dilutions of HCMV reference strains Towne (gB1; ATCC: VR-977) and AD-169 (gB2; ATCC: VR-538) used in calibration curves

11. Results: HCMV load and UL55 genotype in pregnant women Patient No. Clinical specimen HCMV load (*) UL55 genotype 1.PBMC 1.23 x 10 2 gB3 2.plasma 1.31 x 10 3 gB2 PBMC51 3.PBMC46gB2 4.urine 1.5 x 10 3 gB2 5.plasma 5.59 x 10 2 gB1-gB2 6.PBMC 5.82 x 10 2 gB1-gB2 urine 8.17 x 10 3 7. whole blood 1.08 x 10 3 gB1 urine 4.28 x 10 2 gB1-gB2 8.plasma 1.81 x 10 2 gB2 urine 1.32 x 10 3 plasma 3 1.98 x 10 2 gB2-gB3 whole blood 3 1.66 x 10 2 urine 3 7.16 x 10 3 9.plasma 1.36 x 10 2 gB2 whole blood 9.67 x 10 2 urine 8.74 x 10 2 10. whole blood 4.88 x 10 2 gB2 urine 1.14 x 10 3 11. whole blood 6.90 x 10 2 gB2 urine 2.35 x 10 2 12. whole blood 2.78 x 10 2 gB2 urine 2.41 x 10 4 13. whole blood 1.14 x 10 3 gB2 urine 8.05 x 10 3 14.PBMC28gB2 whole blood 1.28 x 10 2 urine 1.49 x 10 2 15. whole blood 1.30 x 10 2 gB2 urine 4.10 x 10 2 16. whole blood 1.59 x 10 2 gB2 urine 2.48 x 10 2 17.urine 1.51 x 10 2 gB4 18.urine 5.35 x 10 2 gB4 (*) - HCMV load per 1 mL of study fluid (blood, plasma, urine) or 5 x 10 5 cells (PBMC)

12. HCMV load, UL55 genotype and cytomegaly outcome in fetuses and newborns Patient No. Clinical specimenHCMV load (*) UL55 genotypeOutcome 1.**amniotic fluid cells4.32 x 10 6 gB2 Symptomatic plasma6.15 x 10 3 urine9.33 x 10 5 gB1-gB2 2.**amniotic fluid cells8.2 x 10 4 /1 x 10 5 cells gB2-gB3 Symptomatic (death) ascitic fluid1.54 x 10 2 brain52.6*** gB3 kidney42.4*** 3.amniotic fluid cells1.86 x 10 5 /1.4 x 10 5 cellsgB1-gB2Asymptomatic 4.whole blood4.49 x 10 2 gB1-gB2Asymptomatic plasma2.11 x 10 3 5.whole blood6.61 x 10 3 gB1-gB2Asymptomatic 6.whole blood1.55 x 10 2 gB1-gB2Asymptomatic 7.amniotic fluid cells2.98 x 10 4 /5 x 10 4 cells gB2 Symptomatic (death) ascitic fluid6.66 x 10 3 brain1.40 x 10 3 *** kidney3.31 x 10 2 *** liver3.18 x 10 3 *** 8. amniotic fluid and whole blood of child 1.34 x 10 3 gB2Symptomatic 9.amniotic fluid2.19 x 10 2 gB2Symptomatic 10.amniotic fluid6.36 x 10 2 gB2Asymptomatic 11.amniotic fluid1.47 x 10 3 gB2Asymptomatic 12.brain7.82 x 10 3 *** gB1 Symptomatic (death) kidney4.11 x 10 3 *** liver7.01 x 10 3 *** (*) - HCMV load per 1 mL of study fluid; ** - HCMV loads identified in fetal and neonatal body fluids that were included in our previous study [4] *** - HCMV load per one cut section of paraffin-embedded tissue

13. Maternal vs. fetal and neonatal infections with HCMV Study group Total No. tested* HCMV UL55 genotype (No. tested (%)**) Single All single infections Multiple All multiple infections gB1gB2gB3gB4gB1-gB2gB2-gB3 Pregnant women 18 0 (0) 11 (61.1) 1 (5.55) 2 (11.1) 14 (77.8) 3 (16.7) 1 (5.55) 4 (22.2) Fetuses9 1 (11.1) 6 (66.7) 0 (0) 7 (77.8) 1 (11.1) 2 (22.2) Newborns5 0 (0) 1 (20) 0 (0) 1 (20) 4 (80) 0 (0) 4 (80) Congenital infections 12 1 (8.3) 5 (41.7) 0 (0) 6 (50) 5 (41.7) 1 (8.3) 6 (50) Symptomatic fetuses and newborns 6 1 (16.66) 3 (50) 0 (0) 4 (66.7) 1 (16.66) 2 (33.3) Asymptomatic fetuses and newborns 6 0 (0) 2 (33.3) 0 (0) 2 (33.3) 4 (66.7) 0 (0) 4 (66.7) * No. tested – number of tested patients; ** % - part of all the patients included in each study group.

14. Maternal vs. fetal and neonatal infections with HCMV Fetal and neonatal genotype Maternal genotype gB2gB1-gB2Total gB2404 gB1-gB2044 gB2-gB3101 Total549 χ 2 = 9; P ≤ 0.050 Significant correlation between genotypes of HCMV identified in the pregnant women and their congenitally infected offsprings

15. Conclusions  Infections with single and multiple HCMV strains occur in pregnant women, as well as in their fetuses and neonates, both with the asymptomatic and symptomatic infections.  HCMV infections, identified in mothers, seem to be associated with the viral genotypes in their children.

16. Thank You for Your attention!