1. Priority Programs of the Nuclear Power Industry Branch of Russia Vladimir Asmolov 17 th Symposium of AER on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety 24-28 September, 2007, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine

2. Nuclear power of Russia at the beginning of XXI century 2006 – 154.7 Bln kWh 103123242 10 NPPs, 31 units, N capacity = 23242 MW

3. Government and public request for the accelerated development of nuclear power External boundary conditions: ● Irregularity in the distribution of global organic fuel resources ● Growth of consumption in the world energy market Design requirements: guaranteed safety ● guaranteed safety ● cost-effectiveness ● completeness of nuclear fuel cycle:  management of spent fuel and radioactive wastes  fuel breeding The second birth of nuclear power - implementation of objective capabilities of nuclear power

4. Near-term strategy for development of nuclear power industry in Russia (till 2020) Implementation of the energy strategy of Russia based on proved thermal neutron reactor technologies: –Growth of efficiency of existing NPPs (renovation and plant life extension); –construction of NPPs with the VVER-type reactors of high, average and low capacity:  NPP-2006 (1200, 1500)  Super VVER  NPPs for the regional nuclear power supply Start up of the program on closing of a nuclear fuel cycle in uranium and plutonium The employment of nuclear power sources to expand sales markets (district heating, production of new energy carriers, water desalination)

5. Nuclear technologies for different purposes TechnologyPurpose Water cooled thermal reactors 1.Electricity generation and expansion of installed capacities 2.Combined generation of electricity and heat 3.Regional nuclear power supply High temperature reactors 1.High-grade heat 2.New energy carriers Fast reactors Transition to the qualitatively new level: – in fuel employment – in radioactive waste and spent fuel management

6. PRIORITY TASKS Thermal reactors ObjectivesContents of works 1. Efficiency improvement for operational NPPs with VVER and RBMK reactors Program of operational NPPs upgrading for 2007 – 2012 ● Activities aimed at the increase of power, capacity factor, fuel burnup, manoeuvring capabilities; ● Justification of the life-time extension based on the in-depth safety analysis The program implementation is equivalent to the commissioning of 4 power units of NPP-2006 by 2012

7. Actions to improve efficiency of existing NPPs Actions Number of power units Power gain, MW (e) Efficiency increase in turbines of NPPs with RBMK reactors due to the replacement of the turbine CLP blades and bafflers (4th and 5th stages) 11332 Efficiency increase in turbines of VVER and RBMK power units due to the renovation of separators-superheaters 19142 Introduction of systems for ball cleaning of condensers 442 Increase of thermal power of RBMK power units by 5% 10500 Increase of thermal power of VVER-1000 power units by 4% 8320 Increase of thermal power of VVER-440/B-213 power units by 7% 261 Transfer to the 18-month fuel cycle at NPPs with VVER-1000 8244 RBMK renovation with TC replacement and transfer to 2-year overhaul 11904 By 2012, the equivalent installed power gain will be ~ 4000 MW

8. CAPACITY FACTOR OF NPPs IN RUSSIA

9. ObjectivesContents of works Federal program 2.Increase of investment effectiveness on developing NPP new projects due to: Efficiency increase; Improvement of fuel cycles; Increase of unit power; Reduction of construction terms; Reduction of material consumption ● Development and implementation of the NPP- 2006 /1200 design; ● Development of the NPP- 2006 /1500 design as the variant; ● Development of NPP designs with reactors of low and average power PRIORITY TASKS Thermal reactors

10. The Federal program objective characteristics Characteristic 2006201020152020 NPP installed capacity, GW 23.224.233.041.0 Electricity generation, TW hour/year 154.7170.3224.0300.0 Nuclear electricity fraction in the total scope of electricity generation in Russia, % 16.0 18.620-23 Reduction of operating costs (by the level of 2006), % 100908070 Reduction of per unit investments, % 100908570

11. NPP 2006 Guaranteed safety Economic advisability

12. The thermal power increase up to 3200 МW(t) and improvement of a power unit efficiency up to 36.2%: - elimination of excessive conservatism; - improvement of a steam-turbine unit efficiency; - pressure increase in the secondary circuit; - reduction of pressure losses in steam lines. Improvement of economic efficiency: - diminishing of material consumption; - shortening of the construction period; - optimization of passive and active safety systems; - unification of equipment. Ways for implementation of the NPP-2006 design goals

13. Comparative characteristics of NPPs with VVER-1000 and NPP-2006 Characteristic NPPs with VVER-1000 NPP-2006 Alteration, % Electric power, MW 10001150+ 15.0 Yearly output, bln. kWh 7.57.59.09.0+ 20.0 NPP life time (designed), year 3050+ 67.0 Specific materials consumption, relative units 1.000.85- 15.0 Investments per unit, relative units 1.000.80- 20.0 Spent fuel volume (in the form of fuel assemblies), t/bln. kWh 5.55.53.53.5- 35.0

14. «The road map» up to 2020

15. ObjectivesContents of works 3. Further development of the VVER technology Development and implementation of technical requirements on the VVER innovation project (super VVER) with fundamentally new characteristics in: - economics, - operational characteristics, - safety ensuring, - fuel breeding. PRIORITY TASKS Thermal reactors

16. Evolutionary approach – NPP-2006 ● Elimination of conservatism ● Efficiency improvement ● Burn-up increase ● Quality provision program Revolutionary – Evolutionary approach SUPER VVER Maximum possible simplification with implementation of passive systems based on the considerable reassessment of existing engineering solutions ▬ Efficiency improvement up to 40 % and higher; ▬ A gain factor increase; ▬ Material consumption drastic reduction; ▬ Prefabrication of large modules; ▬ Drastic reduction of the construction schedule time. Super VVER АР-1000 NPP-2006 EPR-1600 Super VVER

17. ObjectivesContents of works New technological platform Preparation for the implementation of the concept of closing the fuel cycle in uranium and plutonium ● Development of requirements on fast reactors (fuel breeding, time for the outer fuel cycle in plutonium, safety, economics, staging, implementation terms); ● Development of the commercial fast reactor design with sodium coolant; ● Development of technical proposals On nuclear fuel cycle pressing problems and technologies; On spent fuel management; On fast gas-cooled reactors; On fast reactors with heavy metal coolant PRIORITY TASKS Fast reactors

18. Analysis of the current status of fast reactor different technologies 1.Fast reactors with sodium coolant Operability and safety were demonstrated 2.Fast reactors with heavy metal coolants There is a basis for the continuation of development to obtain a practical evidence of efficiency in the head-end (lead – bismuth) and test (lead) facilities 3.Fast gas- and steam- cooled reactors At the level of concept studies

19. Development of a closed nuclear fuel cycle technology for the near-term prospect up to 2020 2005 2010 2015 2020 Establishing of a pilot production - pellet fuel, of mixed fuel and fabrication of - vibration compacted fuel ? the first loading for BN-800 Construction and start-up of the pilot BN-800 reactor with mixed U- Pu fuel Commercial NPP with sodium breeder - pattern, characteristics, development of a detailed design construction - power rank ? Construction of industrial mixed fuel of which fuel ? production and a fuel regenerating plant method of fuel regeneration? R&D work, detailed design construction Reactors with heavy metal, gas coolant (SVBR, BREST) or others to prove the theorem R&D work, decision on implementation of existence ? New technology platform

20. PRIORITY TASKS ObjectivesContents of works Development of the long-term development strategy ● Modeling of nuclear power development based on the assessment of innovation priority directions (time limits, scales, technical requirements); ● Assessment and prediction of neutron effectiveness of fuel available in sight; ● Preparation of proposals on the optimum transfer to the uranium- thorium fuel cycle Strategic studies of nuclear power development

21. PRIORITY TASKS Objectives Contents of works Resolution of backlog and expected problems in radioactive wastes and spent fuel management and in decommissioning of nuclear fuel cycle facilities ● Infrastructure establishment; ● Development of technologies and basic establishments for RAW and WNF management; ● Remediation of contaminated territories, buildings, constructions; ● Development of control systems; ● Development of equipment and devices to ensure radiation safety for the personnel and population According to Federal program “Nuclear and radiation safety” According to Federal program “Nuclear and radiation safety”

22. Matrix of key programs and their resource provision Knowledge (science intensive R&D work) Engineering solutions (applied R&D work, equipment, diagnostics, devices, control systems) Technologies Infrastructure Personnel Nuclear power programs NPP-2006, efficiency improvement at existing NPPs Regional nuclear power Super VVER Nuclear and radiation safety program New technological platform Resources: