1. Mommas, Mamaws, & Me: Exploring the Language, Culture, and Literature of Appalachia TCTE Conference Sept. 25, 2014 Dr. Melissa Comer TCTE Immediate Past President Dr. Kathy Brashears Dr. Queen Ogbomo TN Tech University Curriculum & Instruction

2. Nurdle Appalachia Where is Appalachia? Who are the Appalachians? Appalachian Literature Words Associated with Appalachia

3. Who are the Appalachians?

4. Where is the Appalachian region located?

5. Appalachian Regional Commission 2008 Alabama Georgia Kentucky Maryland Mississippi New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee West Virginia Virginia

6. Grammar Chart Standard EnglishAppalachian English GrewGrowed KnewKnowed Haven’t everAin’t never Can hardlyCan’t hardly I’ve already completed itI’ve done done it Where are you going?Where are you going to? CouldMight could ShouldMight should Was unable/couldn’tUsed to couldn’t

7. Grammar Chart Appalachian English Growed Knowed Ain’t never Can’t hardly I’ve done done it Where are you going to? Might could Might should Used to couldn’t Standard English Grew Knew Haven’t ever Can hardly I’ve already completed it Where are you going? Could Should Was unable/couldn’t

8. A Second Helping Appalachian English He don’t want no any dessert. Anymore I don’t care. I went after two gallon of milk and came back with two loaf of bread. I’m going to buy me a new shirt. Standard English He doesn’t want any dessert. I don’t care. I went after two gallons of milk and came back with two loaves of bread. I’m going to buy a new shirt.

9. Grammatical Nonstandard irregular verb forms Multiple negation Completive done Preposition intrusion Double modals Subject/verb agreement Positive anymore Uninfected plural nouns when nouns preceded by measures Personal dative

10. Speech: The Way We Say It Appalachian English Warsh Exertcise Hit’ll worsen Oncet Ten/pen Mondee Standard English Wash Exercise It will get worse Once Tin/Pin Monday

11. Phonological Intrusive /r/ Intrusive /t/ /h/ Retention (occurs in front of pronoun it) Final /t/ sound Merger of /e/ & /i/ (most common before /n/ & /m/ Substitution of final sounds in unstressed syllables

12. Lexical Features: Morphological The a-prefix on – ing participles is syntactically restricted to adverbial complements and progressives; found more extensively among older generations No – ly on adverbs

13. Lexical Features: Vocabulary, Plurals, & Adverb Usage Reckon, hidy, mamaw/papaw, fixen, kyarn, polecast, wasper Adverbs: druther, yonder, dang, plumb, tee-total Plurals: deskus, youns, young’ens

14. Geography Language Patterns Cultural Patterns StereotypesLiterature

15. Cultural Characteristics (Jones, 1994) Family Solidarity Loyalty runs deep, extends beyond immediate family, “blood is thicker than water” Fierce individualism Hospitality, pride, self-reliance, neighborliness Distinct Gender Roles Men & women assume specific roles in the family, church, and workplace

16. More Cultural Characteristics (Jones, 1994) Ties to the land Love the environment and their homes Sense of fatalism Belief that events in life are determined by powers beyond one’s control---God’s will Patriotism Love US flag, land

17. Even More Cultural Characteristics (Jones, 1994) Sense of Humor May seem dour, but laughs at self Modesty and being oneself *One should not put on airs or get above his raising

18. Stereotypes Associated with Appalachian People Backward Uneducated Large families Poor No running water Bare-foot and pregnant Car on blocks in yard Intermarry

19. People from This Area Have Been Called… Hicks Hillbillies Rednecks Mountaineers Appalachian Americans – (We prefer just plain American.)

20. Where I’m From Queen Ogbomo I am from wrapper, from Dutch wax, Hollandis and big scarfs I am from brick houses painted brown, I am from palm trees, the pawpaw and lime tree in my Nene’s yard I am from going to weddings and funeral wakes, from Wilfred and Edline and Onoriobe I am from the hardworking women and love for my family From respect your elders and always looking out for your brothers and sisters

21. I am from extended family, where everyone looks out for each other I am from older sister, to Aunty and mom of three kids I am very proud of and Onaiwu I am from Red wrapper I inherited after Nene left this world I am from the adventures of Mama Ghana to stories from Mama Albert I am from Warri, the Oceanside city, from rice and stew to Ukodo, Ogwo and pepper soup. From empowering of women and believing in yourself, and from the adventures of Mama Ghana

22. I am from Mommy’s trunk boxes and the attic of Nene’s house where all the fine jewelry and clothing are kept From all girls school and Nuns to Obokun and Ekpoma I am from Canada, to New York, to North Carolina, to Pennsylvania, to Illinois and Michigan, now Tennessee I am from the adventures I have had and many more to come.

23. Where I’m From Madeline Hall http://animoto.com/play/7P1aedQh06TnbKM2SjqHfw

24. Setting CharactersStory Problem Story Solution Predict-o-gram

26. Appalachian LiteratureSummaries Send Me Down A Miracle by Han Nolen Told in a humorous way, Adrienne, 14, begins to question her life, belief system, and her “preacher” father’s spin on it. Set in Alabama. God Went to Beauty School by Cynthia Rylant Told in free verse, Rylant takes readers on a personal journey with God, from opening His own nail salon to being arrested in a bar fight. “Nameless, Tennessee” by William Least Heat-Moon Taken from Blue Highways, this story introduces the reader to traditional Appalachian language and culture.

27. Appalachian LiteratureSummaries When I Was Young in the Mountains By Cynthia Rylant This is a simple, yet beautiful story of one girl’s memories of growing up in the mountains. Ashpet: An Appalachian Tale By Joanne Compton This is an Appalachian version of the well-known Cinderella tale. A is for Appalachia: The alphabet book of Appalachian Heritage By Linda Hager Pack

28. Now What? Questions? So What? Why is this important? What? What did I learn?

30. Related Article Brashears, K. (January 212). Childhood Education, 88 (1), pp. 30-35.