1. Contaminated land laws in NSW Implications of proposed changes Nick Thomas, partner 22 October 2008

2. What we will cover today How does the law deal with contamination? legislation common law contract Implications of proposed CLM Act changes land management transactions development projects Proposed CLM Act changes and sustainability

3. Contamination and the law Legislation contamination management → CLM Act regime for investigation / remediation duty to notify EPA certification and activities of auditors pollution control → POEO Act water pollution land pollution waste licensing and offences

4. Contamination and the law (cont. ) pollution control → POEO Act (cont.) clean up orders duty to report pollution incidents environmental assessment → Planning Act, EPBC Act trade practices (esp. s.53A) Law of torts negligence → duty of care nuisance → interference with use and enjoyment of land

5. Contamination and the law (cont.) Contract allocation of risk (indemnities etc) arrangements for clean up conditions precedent/subsequent warranties ongoing obligations

6. Proposed changes - land management Reporting contamination - constructive awareness proposed regulations and guidelines for thresholds broad concept of "ought reasonably to have known" person's abilities (experience, qualifications, training) whether could reasonably have sought relevant advice "circumstances of the contamination" → higher duty on those with more resources or in-house expertise?

7. Proposed changes - land management (cont.) Reporting contamination (cont...) → increase in number of sites notified → bigger budgets for contamination assessments and advice → increase in number of regulated sites → bigger remediation budgets → more disputes about contamination?

8. Proposed changes - land transactions Broader risk of EPA regulatory action new threshold - more subjective → more uncertainty - harder to allocate risks? Broader range of "appropriate persons" target those "responsible", not just those "principally responsible" → more potential for multiple targets → more stakeholders interested in risk allocation

9. Proposed changes - land transactions (cont. ) Preliminary investigation orders → again raises the stakes for allocating contamination risk More information available → makes due diligence more worthwhile! Changes to duty to report "compliance with laws" warranty?

10. Proposed changes - development projects Harder to anticipate EPA regulatory action → project planning (and timelines) more difficult? integration of investigation and remediation processes → lower threshold for remediation powers → likely to reduce red tape

11. Do the changes promote sustainability? ESD requires integration of economic and environmental considerations Will it be the "polluter" paying? Enhanced inter-generational equity (through cleaning up more sites) What about intra-generational equity? Take care not to lose risk-based approach (NB. precautionary principle)