1. Turning Points in US History What is a “turning point”? A turning point is a moment when a society’s historical trajectory is sent in a significantly new direction. In other words, a turning point marks the beginning of a new historical reality.

2. Turning Points in US History Sometimes it is a social movement Women’s suffrage took 72 years from Seneca Falls in 1848 to the 19 th amendment in 1920

3. Turning Points in US History Sometimes it is a decisive battle Battle of Saratoga during American Revolution or the Battle of Antietam during Civil War

4. Turning Points in US History Sometimes it is a new technology Invention of the telegraph in the 1840s The personal computer in the 1970s

5. Turning Points in US History History is the study of conflict. Not just violence, riots, and war but conflict of ideas. For example, was slavery compatible with Republican values in 18 th and 19 th centuries? Would giving women the right to vote destroy the American family?

6. Turning Points in US History History is the study of agency which means that people take matters into their own hands to achieve historical change For example, the civil rights movement.

7. Turning Points in US History Another historical theme: crisis -which leads to opportunity For example, the Great Depression lead to the New Deal program. Civil War lead to the unthinkable: the Emancipation Proclamation

8. Turning Points in US History And finally: history is the study of choices. Nothing is inevitable. Change is driven by choices made by people. For example, the decision of the Continental Congress to declare American independence or Truman to drop the atomic bomb in 1945

9. Turning Points In History Objective: To review American history through critical events Identify the implied event Comment on its significance List pieces of outside information

10. 1763 The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The British won control all land west to the Mississippi river, including Florida. This British victory left the colonists with no foreign enemies on their immediate borders. It was at this moment that the British, in need of money to pay for past wars and the costs of administering new lands, chose to impose new taxes on the colonies. The colonists saw no reason to pay taxes for protection they felt they did not need. Thus began the clash that ended in the American Revolution.

12. 1763 Outside info: a) Pontiac’s Rebellion Chief Pontiac’s alliance of Native Americans destroyed forts and settlements from NY to Virginia. Rather than relying on colonial forces to retaliate, the British sent regular troops b) Proclamation of 1763 Prohibited colonists from settling west of Appalachian Mountains c) Sugar Act of 1764, Quartering Act of 1765, and the Stamp Act of 1765

13. 1776 The Declaration of Independence marked the first time in history that a colony had boldly asserted independence from a mother country. Winning the war was necessary, however, to make independence a reality. The DOI, as a document, justified the separation on the grounds of violations of the colonists’ natural rights and asserted that “all men are created equal.” This statement, also not reality at the time, has served as a standard by which we judge how far we have come and how far we have to go to achieve real equality in America.

14. American Revolution-Britain being thrown off the horse (America)-1776

15. This cartoon, by an unknown artist, demonstrates how Colonial Americans viewed their mother country. They wanted Britain "off their back" and out of the colonies completely. The print - "The Horse America, Throwing His Master" - depicts a horse (named "America") throwing his rider (King George III).

16. 1776 Outside info: a) Intolerable Acts of 1774 Acts resulted from the Boston Tea Party. These were punitive acts also called Coercive Acts b) Battle of Saratoga 1777 Persuaded France to join the colonists in fight for independence c) Enlightenment (John Locke)-natural laws

17. 1789 Ratification of the Constitution gave the United States a “more perfect union” than had been possible under the state dominated Articles of Confederation. The document, based on the principles of federalism, separation of powers, representation, and flexibility, created a firm foundation for the growth and development of the United States.

18. 1788-Federalist push for all 13 colonies to adopt the new Constitution

19. 1789 Outside info: a) Representation (Great Compromise) 2 house Congress In Senate, states would have equal representation and in House of Representatives each state would be represented based on population b) Slavery-Three fifths Compromise Purpose for determining each state’s level of taxation and representation c) Federalists Papers Essays were key element in Federalist campaign for Constitution (Jay, Hamilton, and Madison)

20. 1800 In the “Revolution of 1800,” the Democratic-Republicans, after a heated struggle, won the presidency and control of Congress. The new nation survived this critical change of power from the business- oriented, aristocratic Federalists to the more agrarian and democratic party of Jefferson without violence.

21. 1800 Outside info: a) Alien and Sedition Acts Federalists attempt to restrict Democratic- Republicans (5 to 14 years to become citizen, deport aliens, make it illegal for newspapers to criticize president) b) Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) Resolves Violated rights of 1 st amendment, could a state void and nullify federal law c) Close race between Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson

22. 1803 Both the Louisiana Purchase and the Supreme Court decision in Marbury v Madison had major importance for the future. Acquisition of Louisiana gave the US control of the Mississippi River, which it needed for commercial reasons. More importantly, it doubled the size of the country, assured the downfall of the Federalists, strongly suggested that the country would one day extend from sea to sea and require Jefferson, who had previously opposed use of the elastic clause,

23. 1803 To take a step toward a loose interpretation. The Marbury case set a precedent for judicial review and the raised the Supreme Court to a position of equality with the president and Congress

25. 1803 Outside info: a) Lewis and Clark Benefits: great geography knowledge, better claim to Oregon Territory, and better relations with Indians b) Duel with Hamilton and Burr 1806 c) Embargo Act of 1807 Due to England’s impressment of US sailors and Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

27. 1814 The Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812, resulted in a return to the status quo ante bellum. While it did not represent a victory for the US, as many later assumed, it have important consequences, among them an increase in nationalism, a chance to pursue westward expansion relatively unhampered by Native American resistance, encouragement of American manufacturing, disappearance of the Federalist party, and a strengthening of isolation that kept the country out of foreign wars for a century

28. 1814 Outside info: a) Hartford Convention NE states threatened to secede. Killed off Federalist party b) Battle of New Orleans One of the few US victories, Jackson becomes national hero. Also, gives Americans strong feeling of nationalism c) War Hawks Young DR congressmen, Henry Clay and John C Calhoun-wanted to gain Canada, destroy Indian resistance in west, and beat Great Britain

30. 1848 The Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War, gave the United States control of the vast Mexican Cession. Acquisition of this territory revived the slavery issue that shortly played an important role in the Civil War. The Treaty also created lasting resentment of the powerful United States among Latin American countries.

32. 1848 Outside info: a) Wilmot Proviso Slavery is intensified. House bill was proposed that would forbid slavery in the new territories acquired from Mexico b) Ostend Manifesto Polk and Pierce both tried to buy Cuba from Spain. South wanted to expand slavery there c) Gadsden Purchase 1853 Strip of land in Southwest for southern railroad

33. 1861 The outbreak of the Civil War ended any chance to settle the slavery issue peacefully. In dividing the Union, it also threatened to destroy credibility of government under the Constitution. What other country would model a government that could not survive its first major crisis?

34. 1861 Outside info: a) Lincoln elected 1860 Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrats) John Breckinridge (Southern Democrats) John Bell (Constitutional Union Party) first Republican president b) Bull Run (Stonewall Jackson) Ended illusion of short war and showed that Union wasn’t that strong and that South was stronger than originally thought c) Antietam (Emancipation Proclamation) Britain and France don’t come to South aid

35. 1865 The end of the Civil War and the death of Lincoln had major consequences. Lincoln, in his second inaugural address, had pledged a lenient peace when the war ended. President Andrew Johnson and Radical Republicans in Congress had other ideas. Republicans in Congress knew that their own majority would be threatened when southern states returned. They hoped to secure their own programs and African American political support before agreeing to southern readmission.

36. 1865 Outside info: a)Sherman’s March Helped get Lincoln reelected in 1864, broke spirit of the Confederacy and destroyed its will to fight on b) Civil War Amendments 13 th -abolished slavery 14 th -citizenship 15 th -right to vote c) Lincoln’s 10 percent plan and Wade Davis Bill (50%) Full pardon to most Confederates if they took an oath to Union and accepted emancipation of slaves

37. A Man Knows a Man-Veterans recognizing service-1865

38. Military service, especially in battle, was often seen as a rite of passage that turned boys into men. Physical scarring or maiming served as the visible symbol of manhood tested and earned through combat. The message of this cartoon, appearing at the end of the Civil War, is that white and black Union soldiers have made the same sacrifice and are equal in their manhood. It can be inferred that, for the artist, the equality of manhood would encompass the economic right to work as free men and to provide for their families. The artist’s intent on the more difficult questions of political and social equality is uncertain.

39. 1877 After Hayes won the disputed election of 1876, he agreed to withdrawal of the last remaining Union troops from the former Confederacy. This official end of Reconstruction and of northern supervision of the South (1877) left the new freedmen at the mercy of vengeful southerners.

40. 1877 Outside info: a)Freedmen Bureau Under direction of General Oliver Howard, it provided food, shelter, and medical aid to African Americans a)Black Codes Severe restrictions and rights of former slaves, work contracts, can’t own guns, serve on juries, sharecroppers c) Samuel Tilden

41. 1914 The outbreak of World War I in Europe brought to an end almost a century of peace on the Continent. Promising steps toward Progressive reform in the United states came to a halt as President Wilson focused his attention on foreign affairs and how best to influence the course of the war and eventual peace.

42. 1914 Outside info: a) Lusitania sinking 1915 German sub (u boat) sank British passenger ship. 128 Americans died b) Zimmermann Telegram 1917 If Mexico would ally itself with Germany, then Germany would help recover lost territories in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona c) Russian Revolution 1917 Communist takeover

43. "I Want You" Recruiting Poster-1917

44. 1919 The Treaty of Versailles, based in part on Wilson’s Fourteen Points, included plans for a League of Nations. This controversial organization proved to be the sticking point that prevented the Senate from ratifying the treaty. The United States never joined the League, thus reducing its potential impact, and instead returned to relative isolation.

45. 1919 Outside info: a) Henry Cabot Lodge Republican senator who would only accept the League if certain reservations were added (called reservationists) b) Suffers a stroke during western tour Never recovered and League did not pass c) Red Scare From 1919 to 1920 Attorney General Mitchell Palmer went after anarchists, socialists, and labor agitators

46. “Come Unto Me, Ye Opprest!” [European Anarchist in background], 1919

47. "Close the Gate"-Chicago Tribune-July 1919

48. 1929 The Stock Market Crash (1929) brought to an end a long period of prosperity for American business and started the worst depression in American history. In the course of dealing with the Depression, the United States, under Franklin Roosevelt, introduced a welfare state with government taking increasing responsibility for the interests of a variety of less fortunate groups in American society

49. 1929 Outside info: a)Hawley Smoot tariff 1930 In June 1930, Hoover signed the highest ever tariff. It ranged from 31 to 49% on foreign imports b) Bonus March 1932 Thousands of unemployed WWI vets marched to Washington DC to demand payment of bonuses that were promised to them at later date 1945 c) 3 r’s Relief for people out of work, recovery for business and the economy, and reform of American economic institutions

50. Migrant Mother

51. 1941 The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into active participation in the worst war in the history of the world.

52. 1941 Outside info: a)Lend lease act Ended cash and carry/permitted Britain to obtain US arms on credit/like lending your neighbor a garden hose to put out a fire b) Internment 100,000 Japanese Americans interned. Upheld in Korematsu vs US (1944) c) Propaganda

53. Rosie the Riveter

54. 1945 The end of World War II ushered in the Atomic Age, the creation of the United Nations, the Cold War, and the beginning of the end of colonialism.

55. 1945 Outside info: a)FDR dies April 1945/Germany surrenders May, 1945/Japan surrenders August, 1945 b) Island hopping, Battle of Midway, D Day (Normandy), atomic bombs Campaign to get within striking distance of Japan/turning point in Pacific theater/Allied drive to liberate France June 6, 1944/Manhattan Project/Hiroshima/Nagasaki c) United Nations

56. 1954 The year was significant both for this country’s first involvement in the war in Vietnam and for the historic Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which overturned the 1896 “separate but equal” decision and began the change in American treatment of African Americans

57. 1954 Outside info: a)Highway Act 1956 42K miles of highways linking all major US cities/purpose was to improve national defense b) Eisenhower Doctrine 1957, the US pledged economic and military support to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism c) CIA overthrow of Iran and Guatemala Covert or undercover intervention was less objectionable than employing US troops

58. 1960 The first sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina, marked the beginning of a new activism of African Americans in protest against segregation. The election of JFK later that year, in a close election in which African Americans made a difference, led to a “revolution of rising expectations” among African Americans and a new support for civil rights legislation within the federal executive branch.

59. 1960 Outside info: a)New Frontier “torch being passed to a younger generation” JFK chose his younger brother Bobby as Attorney General, his wife, Jacqueline brought style, glamour b) Bay of Pigs 1961 CIA failed scheme to use Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro c) Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Russians were building nuclear missiles in Cuba/ JFK set up naval bloc

60. Kennedy/Khrushchev Cold War Arms Race-1961

61. 1964 Passage of the historic Civil Rights Act outlawed segregation in public accommodations and public facilities and banned discriminatory practices in hiring, voting, and education.

62. 1964 Outside info: a)Voting Rights Act 1965 Ended literacy tests/impact was dramatic in deep South where African Americans could vote for the first time since Reconstruction b) Immigration Act 1965 Does away with 1920s Immigration restriction acts c) Great Society/Vietnam War Expanded social programs from New Deal/Medicaid/Medicare/War on Poverty/Head Start

63. 1968 The assassination of both MLK and RFK effectively brought the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s to an end.

64. 1968 Outside info: a)Tet Offensive January 1968, the Vietcong launched a surprise attack on every major city and base in South Vietnam/major setback for America b) MyLai Massacre c) Nixon wins Vietnamization-gradually withdrawal troops and give South Vietnamese the money, the weapons and the training. Tied into Nixon doctrine where future Asian allies would receive US support but without military aid

65. 1973 The Paris Peace Agreement marking the end of the longest war in American history forced Americans to realize that they were not invincible and could not solve all the problems of the world. Congress took steps to limit presidential options in the War Powers Resolution in an effort not to be drawn into another undeclared war.

66. 1973 Outside info: a)Fall of Saigon April 1975, the US supported government in Saigon fell to the enemy and Vietnam became 1 country under the rule of Communist government b) Watergate Break in of Democratic Party headquarters c) Nixon resigns About to be impeached

67. 1989 The dismantling of the Berlin Wall, the election of Solidarity in Poland, and the fall of the Easter European economies in Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania signaled the impending collapse of the former Soviet Union and ushered in a new era in US diplomatic relations.

68. 1989 Outside info: a)"perestroika" and "glasnost“ perestroika=restricting of the Soviet economy by introducing free market practices/glasnost=openness to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom b) Mikhail Gorbachev c) Beijing's Tiananmen Square In 1989, prodemocracy students demonstrated for freedom, Chinese Communist government crushed the protest with tanks

69. 1994 The Republican landslide in the November elections gave the party its first control of both houses of Congress in many years. The election brought into question the public’s satisfaction with long standing welfare legislation and suggested a return of significant authority to state governments.

70. 1994 Outside info: a) NAFTA b) Brady Bill (5 days for a handgun) c) Family Medical Leave Act (12 weeks)