1. 孔 力 Human Histology Histology and Embryology Department

2. Introduction 1. Goal of Histology Histology is the study of the tissue of the body and of how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs. Cell: Tissue: made of cells and extracellular matrix Basic tissue: Basic tissue: Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nerve tissue

3. cells and extracellular matrix Tissue: Organ: systems : 2. Relationship between histology and other medicine courses Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nerve tissue

4. 3. Histologic methods 3-1. microscopy/ 显微镜 Fine structure light microscopy: (LM) resolution — 0.2um 1um ＝ 10 － 3 mm ＝ 10 － 6 m H.E. Staining ( H: Hematoxylin E : Eosin ) basophilic, acidophilic 激光共聚焦扫描显微镜 （ confocal laser scanning microscope ）

6. Electronmicroscopy (EM) : ultra structure resolution---0.2nm / 1um=1000nm scanning EM transmission EM

7. Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Photomicrograph of an intestinal villus stained by PAS. Staining is intense in the cell surface brush border (arrows) and in the secretory product of goblet cells (G) because of their high content of polysaccharides. The counterstain was hematoxylin. 3-2 Specific Localisation Methods for LM and EM

8. 过碘酸－ Schiff 反应：（ periodic acid Schiff reaction ， PAS 反应） 过碘酸 糖－乙二醇基 糖－乙二醛基 Schiff 试剂 （亚硫酸品红） 不溶性紫红色反应产物 （ PAS 反应阳性）

9. Immunohistochemistry, Immunocytochemistry (1) Molecule A has a high and specific affinity toward a portion of molecule B. (2) When A and B are mixed, A binds to the portion of B it recognizes. (3) Molecule A may be tagged with a label that can be visualized with a light or electron microscope. The label can be a fluorescent compound, an enzyme such as peroxidase, a gold particle, or a radioactive atom. (4) If molecule B is present in a cell or extracellular matrix that is incubated with labeled molecule A, molecule B can be detected.

10. 3-3 Cell and Tissue Culture Cultured neural crest cells seen with different optical techniques. The cells are unstained, and the same cells appear in all photographs. Use the two pigmented cells for orientation in each image. A: Conventional light microscopy. B: Phase contrast microscopy. C: Nomarski differential interference microscopy.

11. 组织工程（ tissue engineering ） 我国第一个组织工程产品 —— 组织工程皮肤

13. 3-4 Hybridization Techniques In situ Hybridization 原位杂交 Tissue section of a benign epithelial tumor (condyloma) submitted to in situ hybridization. The brown areas are places where DNA of human papillomavirus type 2 is present. The counterstain was hematoxylin.

14. 4. Problems in the interpretation of tissue section How different 3- dimensional structures may appear when thin- sectioned. A: Different sections through a hollow ball and a hollow tube. B: A section through a single coiled tube may appear as sections of many separate tubes. C: Sections through a solid ball (above) and sections through a solid cylinder (below).