1. Basic Solid/Liquid Separation & Basic Gas/Air Filtration American Filtration & Separation Society March 24, 2014 Houston, TX

2. 0-2 Instructors WU CHEN Dow Chemical B-1603 Freeport, TX 77541 e-mail: wuchen@dow.com ERNEST MAYER E. Mayer Filtration Consulting, LLC 806 Highfield Drive Wilmington, DE 19713 e-mail: emayer6@verizon.net DONALD KRAUSE Flow Ezy Filters, Inc. PO Box 1749 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 e-mail: donkrause@flowezyfilters.com Solid/Liquid Separation (in alphabetical order)

3. 0-3 Instructors Gas/Air Filtration (in alphabetical order) KYUNG-JU CHOI AAF International 215 Central Ave. Louisville, KY 40408 e-mail: kchoi@aafintl.com TIM JOHNSON TSI Incorporated 500 Cardigan Road St. Paul, MN e-mail: tim.johnson@tsi.com THAD PTAK Columbus Industries 2938 State Route 752 Ashville, OH 43103-0257 e-mail: tptak@colind.net

4. Now is Your Term to Introduce Yourself Name Affiliation Why are you taking this course? Your expectation of this course.

5. 0-4

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7. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

8. 1-2 1-1 Introduction Global Market ~US$ 20-40 Billion Filtration used in many aspects of our lives

9. 1-3 Filtration = Filter Media ? Fluid/Particle Separation Filtration Filter Media

10. Fluid/Particle Systems Powder Technology Solids Processing Particle Technology Fluid/Particle Processing 1-4 1-2 Fluid/Particle Systems Overview

11. 1-5 Include Particle Formation Mixing  Separations Classification Storage Transport Size Reduction/ Enlargement Dust Explosion, Safety Etc. Fluid/Particle Systems

12. 1-2-1 Fluid/Particle Separations Solid-Liquid Separation (Liquid Filtration) Gas/Air Filtration (Solid-Gas Separation) Liquid-Gas Separation Liquid-Liquid Separation 1-6

13. 1-7 Solid/Liquid Separation Solid/Gas Separation Liquid Filtration Air Filtration Filtration Separation Filtration Separation Fluid/Particle Separation

14. 1-7 Solid/Liquid Separation Solid/Gas Separation Liquid Filtration Air Filtration Filtration Separation Separation with a filter medium Separation without a filter medium Filtration Separation Fluid/Particle Separation

15. 1-2-2 Solid/Gas Separation 1-8 -Solid/gas separation can be further divided into two major areas - filtration and separation depending on whether a filter medium is used. -As filtration is the dominant mechanism in solid/gas separation and most applications involve air, the term “air filtration” is often used to refer to this technology.

16. 1-9 Solid/Gas Separation Filtration Separation Direct Sieving Indirect Interception Inertia Electrostatic Centrifugal (cyclone) -There are two key filtration mechanisms, direct sieving and indirect interceptions. *In direct sieving, the particles are larger than the openings of the filter medium and are filtered out. *The more commonly encountered filtration mechanism in gas filtration is indirect interception where the particles are collected by the filter media by inertial impaction, diffusion (Brownian motion), interception, and electrostatic effects. -In addition to filtration, there are also separation methods without filter media. These methods utilize inertia, electrostatic or centrifugal forces to achieve solid/gas separation.

17. 1-2-3 Solid/Liquid Separation 1-10 Solid/Liquid Separation FiltrationSeparation Straining Cake Filtration Depth Filtration Cross Flow Filtration Gravity Settling Centrifugal Settling Flotation Others (magnetic) -Solid/liquid separation technology can also be divided into filtration and separation. -Depending on the filtration mechanism, there are four sub-categories in liquid filtration.

18. 1-11 Filtration Mechanisms Straining Cake Filtration Depth Filtration Cross Flow Filtration

19. 1-12 *The simplest filtration mechanism is straining where particles are caught on the medium by direct sieving. Particles larger than medium openings are filtered out. *The second mechanism is cake filtration where the number of particles is high enough to form a particle bed called the filter cake. This cake becomes the primary filter medium and the original filter medium is not as important in the particle capture. *Sometimes the filter media are thick so the particles are caught inside the filter media. This type of filtration is called depth filtration. *Very fine particles tend to form a dense cake and retard the filtration rate, in these cases cross flow filtrations are commonly used to keep the particles from forming a cake. This technique is used by most membrane filters since they are used to separate very fine particles.

20. Field Separation Mechanisms Gravity Settling Centrifugal Settling Flotation air bubbles -Particles can be separated from liquid without a filter medium.

21. 1-13 -Beside filtration, solid/liquid separation can also be accomplished by methods without a filter medium. -The methods utilize gravitational or centrifugal forces where the particles are separated due to their density differences from the liquid phase. -Flotation, also utilizes gravitational force but the particles are made lighter than the liquid phase by attaching air bubbles to particles so they float to the top and are separated. -There are other field forces like magnetic and electrostatic forces used for separating particles from liquid streams. -Unlike solid/gas separation, the mechanisms of filtration and separation are equally used and none of the applications dominate the field of solid/liquid separation. Therefore, the commonly used term of “liquid filtration” is not a good representative term for solid/liquid separation.

22. 1-2-4 The Complexity of Fluid/Particle Separation 1-14 Example with Cake Filtration Gravity Centrifugal Cake Filters Vacuum Pressure Compression Batch - nutsche Continuous - belt - tipping pan Batch - nutsche - leaf Semi-continuous - flat bed Continuous - drum - disc - table - belt - tipping pan Tank - nutsche - leaf - tray - candle Filter Press - plate and frame - chamber Semi -continuous - flat bed - tower Continuous - drum - disc - special Batch - diaphragm - horizontal diaphragm - tubular Continuous - belt - screw Batch - vertical basket - peeler - inverting Continuous - pusher - worm screen - vibratory screen - screen bowl

23. 1-3 Examples of Applications 1-15 Reaction Crystallization Solid/Liquid Separation Solids Transfer Solids Storage Chemical Processing Gas Filtration

24. 1-16 Wastewater Treatment Primary Clarifier Solid-Liquid Separation Solids Disposal Wastewater sludge Biological Treatment Secondary Clarifier Tertiary Clarifier Solid-Liquid Separation Water Discharge Solid-Gas Separation water

25. 1-17 Beer Brewing Malt Mill Meshing Wort Kettle Hops Separator Wort Cooler Aging & CO 2 2 Fermenter Chiller P-6 Mesh Filter Yeast Filter bottle or keg Air Filter

26. Solid-Liquid Separations Books L. Svarovsky, Solid-Liquid Separation, 3 rd ed., Butterworths, 1990. D. Purchas, Solid-Liquid Separation Technology, Uplands Press, Croydon, 1981 D. Purchas and R. Wakeman, Solid-Liquid Separation Equipment Scaleup, 2 nd ed. Upland Press, Croydon, 1986 M.E. Fayed, Handbook of Powder Science and Technology, 2ed ed., Chapman & Hall, 1997 R.H. Perry, D.W. Green, Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, 8 th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007 1-18 1-4 Resources

27. Gas Filtration Books K. R. Spurny, Advances in Aerosol Filtration, Lewis, New York, 1998. W. C. Hinds, "Aerosol Technology" Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles", John Wiley & Sons, 1982 R.C. Brown, "Air Filtration", Pergamon Press, 1993 C.N. Davis,"Air Filtration", Academic Press, 1973 Clyde Orr,"Filtration, Principles and Practices Part-I", Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1977 ASHRAE Handbook, 1999 (HVAC Applications), 2000 (HVAC Systems and Equipment), 2001(Fundamentals). 1-19

28. Journals Filtration - The Filtration Society and American Filtration & Separation Society Filtration and Separation - Elsevier (212) 633-3730 Filtration News - Free for AFS members (248) 347-3486 (800) 783-3491. Other related journals include: Separation Science & Technology; AIChE J; Chemical Engineering Science; Separation & Purification; TAPPI; 1-20

29. Organizations American Filtration & Separation Society www.afssociety.org (612) 861-1277 American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) North American Membrane Society (NAMES) Others (TAPPI, INDA, ASHRAE, ACS, ASTM, ANSI, NFPA, SAE, etc.) 1-21