1. International Trade Negotiations: Strategies and Techniques Terry Collins-Williams The Centre for Trade Policy and Law (CTPL) June 20-24, 2011

2. 2 Negotiations Negotiation: “An interactive process by which two or more people seek jointly or cooperatively to do better than they could otherwise

3. CTPL Certificate Program 3 Interests Interests are the drivers of negotiation –Know yourself –Know the other party Rank interests according to their importance

4. CTPL Certificate Program 4 Zone of agreement You and I enter a negotiation. I imagine the set of all possible settlements that I would accept. You do the same. An agreement is possible if your set of potentially acceptable settlements overlaps with mine at (at least) one point.

5. CTPL Certificate Program 5 Getting the Best Deal Possible If we have overlapping sets of acceptable settlement, this is called a zone of agreement. If there are several shared points within the zone of agreement, I want the settlement that is closest to my ‘best deal’ and you want the one that is closer to your ‘best deal’.

6. CTPL Certificate Program 6 Me You Better for you Better for me Zone of Possible Agreement

7. CTPL Certificate Program 7 How Important is a Final Deal? Is this the right time for a deal? Do you have other options? Do you have a lot of pressure on you to get a deal? If so, does it matter what the content of the deal is? Beware of Risk of Agreement Syndrome

8. CTPL Certificate Program 8 No-Agreement Alternative Negotiators are guided by considerations of the No-Agreement Alternative (or the constraints of the Mandate). It tells them the what their reservation outcome is and helps to guide them on strategic choices It can change as negotiations process Most often, it is given to trade negotiators from their political masters.

9. CTPL Certificate Program 9 Strategy Knowing how to get the best deal possible is a function of strategy Know what strategy to use is related to the importance of the agreement to you If you can afford to lose the agreement, then you can use a competitive strategy If you cannot afford to lose the agreement, then you must be more cooperative

10. CTPL Certificate Program 10 Cooperative Bargaining Also called value creating bargaining Growing the size of the pie Exploring new options and areas of complementary interests Joint problem solving Exploring new solutions to existing problems

11. CTPL Certificate Program 11 Competitive Bargaining Also called value claiming bargaining Refuses to yield Holds firm on positions Makes credible threats of withdrawal Links progress on one issue to progress on another

12. CTPL Certificate Program 12 Understanding the Process Negotiations are dynamic. They change according to circumstances and as new information becomes available. Consequently, negotiating strategy changes as well.

13. CTPL Certificate Program 13 The process of negotiation Starts from maximum positions and works inward to reservation outcomes. Sequential concessions to achieve a point of convergence. Moving too quickly to compromise may leave you with an inferior deal. Moving too slowly may jeopardize the deal or leave value on the table (unexplored options).

14. CTPL Certificate Program 14 Moves away from the table Events and influences away from the table can change the terms of the negotiations Domestic pressures from interest groups Changes of government Media / public relations Influences by third countries, third parties.

15. CTPL Certificate Program15 Major Elements of International Trade Negotiation (1) Five main steps in trade negotiations: 1.Domestic consultations 2.Formulating negotiating position 3.Obtaining negotiating authority 4.International negotiations 5.Implementation of the negotiated outcome

16. Major Elements of International Trade Negotiation (2) These steps do not follow a rigid sequence Steps one to three may be revisited multiple times as negotiations proceed Communications is an over-arching element, from beginning to end of the process Effective communications stratgegy is essential to a successful outcome

17. Governing Principles in Negotiating Trade Agreements –Multilateral trade agreements encompassed in the World Trade Organization –Single Undertaking –MFN Non-discrimination (GATT Article I) –National Treatment (GATT Article III)

18. Governing Principles in Negotiating Trade Agreements Relationship of regional and bilateral trade agreements to the WTO –GATT Article XXIV - conditions governing “substantially all trade” –WTO Agreement governs trade relations among Members, unless bilateral/regional arrangements supersede – “WTO plus”

19. CTPL Certificate Program 19 Tactics in Trade Negotiations Negotiating Modalities Understanding mercantilist bargaining Persuasion Tactics to avoid

20. CTPL Certificate Program 20 Negotiating Modalities Tabling requests for concession Making of offers to respond Alternative negotiating modalities, eg formula approaches Find a zone of agreement. Structure package to meet minimum requirement of each party. Is result available better than the status quo?

21. CTPL Certificate Program 21 Understanding Mercantilist Bargaining Negotiators assume that benefits flow from concessions made by others That concessions made by them represent a “cost” Economic reality of a trade negotiation is the opposite Country making the most concessions typically gains the most

22. CTPL Certificate Program 22 Persuasion Several audiences During negotiation, negotiators emphasize value of offers and minimize value of requests After negotiations value of requests satisfied is emphasized, while value of offers accepted is discounted Reminder of importance of Communications Strategy

23. CTPL Certificate Program 23 Tactics to Avoid threats, confrontation, anger, deception, broken promises, and disrespect for the other team for a negotiator, nothing is more important than earning and retaining the reputation of personal integrity