1. What is AI? Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

2. What is AI? AI = Artificial Intelligence Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

3. What is AI? Turing Test Believed a machine would be considered intelligent if it passed a test of intelligence based on comparing it to a person. Turing Test A person (“judge”) would ask questions via a computer terminal of two “entities.” One entity would be a human, the other a machine/computer. “If the judge regularly failed to correctly distinguish the computer from the human, then the computer was said to have passed the test.” * * © István S. N. Berkeley Ph.D. 1997. Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

4. What is AI? In the 1950s, scientists thought artificially intelligent machines were just around the corner. Clearly R2D2 & C3PO have yet to arrive. Computers are very good at following rules These rules can include “rules of thumb” called heuristics Good at playing games, Chess, GO So good in fact that in 1997, Deep Blue a computer chess program won a series of chess games against the human world champion of chess Gary Kasparov Largely used brute force Not only games have rules Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

5. What is AI? What else has rules? Grammar Spelling Some Medical diagnosis Drug interactions Blood tests Certain common illnesses Spam filters Web searches Programs to catch “cheaters” in school such as “TurnItIn” and “Moss” Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

6. What is AI? Expert Systems Software that attempts to duplicate the ways in which professionals make decisions are called expert systems. An expert is a specialist in a specific, often narrow field who has gained an incredible amount of knowledge about this narrow field A surgeon who specializes in sports medicine National expert in the US Tax Code A group of oncologists specializing in drug side effects Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

7. Expert Systems EasyDiagnosis – provides online analysis of important medical symptoms in a user-friendly format. http://easydiagnosis.com/http://easydiagnosis.com/ CADUCEUS (expert system) - Blood-borne infectious bacteria CADUCEUS (expert system) Dendral - Analysis of mass spectra Dendral Dipmeter Advisor - Analysis of data gathered during oil exploration Dipmeter Advisor Mycin - Diagnose infectious blood diseases and recommend antibiotics (by Stanford University) MycinStanford University R1 (expert system)/ - Order processing R1 (expert system) SHINE Real-time Expert System - Spacecraft Health INference Engine SHINE Real-time Expert System STD Wizard - Expert system for recommending medical screening tests STD Wizard * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

8. What is AI? What about common sense? Computers are TERRIBLE at this! Humans are awesome at this. Common sense requires “rules of thumb” (Heuristics) for ordinary things. Talking and chewing gum at the same time What is time? Where we are in “space” in relation to other objects The nature of physical object How not to crush a light bulb How objects interact How people interact Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

9. What is AI CYC and Doug Lenat EnCYClopedia of everyday rules of how the world works Applications to everything Military Medical Transportation system Air traffic control Incredibly complex and difficult Ongoing project by CYCorp Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner