1. The Development of AI St Kentigerns Academy Unit 3 – Artificial Intelligence

2. Human Intelligence There are many different types of intelligence and many scholars have tried to give definition to the term. There are many different types of intelligence and many scholars have tried to give definition to the term. Human intelligence is seen as: Human intelligence is seen as: –The ability to communicate; –The ability to retain knowledge; & –The ability to problem solve.

3. Turing Test The first person to discuss criteria for machine intelligence was the British computer scientist Alan Turing. The first person to discuss criteria for machine intelligence was the British computer scientist Alan Turing. He developed a game called the imitation game, which today we call the Turing Test He developed a game called the imitation game, which today we call the Turing Test

4. Turing Test An interrogator is connected to one person and one machine via a terminal, therefore cant see her counterparts. An interrogator is connected to one person and one machine via a terminal, therefore cant see her counterparts. Her task is to find out which of the two candidates is the machine and which is the machine by asking them questions. Her task is to find out which of the two candidates is the machine and which is the machine by asking them questions. If the machine can fool the interrogator it is deemed intelligent If the machine can fool the interrogator it is deemed intelligent

5. Turing Test No-one has managed to write a successful program that can pass the Turing Test. No-one has managed to write a successful program that can pass the Turing Test.

6. Game Playing Early attempt to create artificial intelligence were based on writing programs which could play games. Early attempt to create artificial intelligence were based on writing programs which could play games. It was felt that if a program could play a game and beat a human, it would show intelligence It was felt that if a program could play a game and beat a human, it would show intelligence

7. Game Playing Some of the games include noughts and crosses, draughts and even chess. Some of the games include noughts and crosses, draughts and even chess. These games were viewed as requiring a degree of logic, reasoning and imagination. These games were viewed as requiring a degree of logic, reasoning and imagination. Many of the early game-playing programs achieved their goal inasmuch as they were capable of playing against a human and sometimes winning Many of the early game-playing programs achieved their goal inasmuch as they were capable of playing against a human and sometimes winning

8. Game Playing An early draughts game, 1950s, could not only play but could learn from previous games on how to improve its performance. An early draughts game, 1950s, could not only play but could learn from previous games on how to improve its performance. In 1997 Deep Blue beat the best chess player in the world – Garry Kasparov. AI experts at the time were surprised as they had not expected it to happen so soon. In 1997 Deep Blue beat the best chess player in the world – Garry Kasparov. AI experts at the time were surprised as they had not expected it to happen so soon.

9. Game Playing All game-playing programs have three characteristics in common: All game-playing programs have three characteristics in common: –they were played in a restricted domain; –they had a clearly defined set of rules, –the criterion for success was straightforward.

10. Eliza to Chatterbots Eliza was one of the first attempts to write a program which could hold a conversation with a human. Eliza was one of the first attempts to write a program which could hold a conversation with a human. It was written by Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966 and is still popular today. It was written by Joseph Weizenbaum in 1966 and is still popular today. The intention was to create a computer psychologist that could respond to peoples problems by talking them through. The intention was to create a computer psychologist that could respond to peoples problems by talking them through.

11. Eliza to Chatterbots There are many Eliza spin offs with different personalities, mainly because people quite enjoy the novelty of having a conversation with a computer. There are many Eliza spin offs with different personalities, mainly because people quite enjoy the novelty of having a conversation with a computer.

12. Eliza to Chatterbots However, Eliza simply picks out keywords from the patient and inserts them into a response. However, Eliza simply picks out keywords from the patient and inserts them into a response. In some versions when the program cans find a suitable keyword, Elizas response is Tell me more. In some versions when the program cans find a suitable keyword, Elizas response is Tell me more. This shows that Eliza has no true understanding of the conversations. This shows that Eliza has no true understanding of the conversations.

13. Eliza to Chatterbots There has been a resurgence of interest in programs which can hold a conversation with humans partly due to the internet. There has been a resurgence of interest in programs which can hold a conversation with humans partly due to the internet. Such programs are sometimes referred to as chatterbots Such programs are sometimes referred to as chatterbots

14. Eliza to Chatterbots A chatterbot is a computer program for simulating conversation between a human and a machine. A chatterbot is a computer program for simulating conversation between a human and a machine. You input a question or a statement and the computer replies. You input a question or a statement and the computer replies. Smarterchild. Smarterchild.

15. Eliza to Chatterbots Applications Applications –Chatterbots are becoming very useful in the commercial world with the growth of e-commerce on the WWW. More and more companies are placing chatterbots on their websites to interact and converse with the user. –The three main applications are: Internet search tools Internet search tools Interactive website Interactive website Shopping bots Shopping bots

16. Expert Sytems Expert systems collect the small fragments of human know-how into a knowledge base which is used to reason through a problem, using the knowledge which is appropriate. Expert systems collect the small fragments of human know-how into a knowledge base which is used to reason through a problem, using the knowledge which is appropriate. Instead of attempting to create an intelligent program, research focused on creating a means of representing and accessing knowledge. Instead of attempting to create an intelligent program, research focused on creating a means of representing and accessing knowledge.

17. Expert Sytems Expert systems are computer programs which could offer advice in a restricted subject where it was possible to create facts and rules representing knowledge. Expert systems are computer programs which could offer advice in a restricted subject where it was possible to create facts and rules representing knowledge. An expert system is an attempt to replace the human expert and to make their knowledge available in a cost- effective form. An expert system is an attempt to replace the human expert and to make their knowledge available in a cost- effective form.

18. Expert Sytems Advantages of Expert Systems Advantages of Expert Systems –More available than a human expert; –Dont have to pay the system wages; –They have the combined knowledge from more than 1 human expert; –They are less prone to error.

19. Hardware Developments Early AI developments were restricted due to the limitations of hardware. Early AI developments were restricted due to the limitations of hardware. Better hardware has meant that more sophisticated games can be developed. Better hardware has meant that more sophisticated games can be developed. –Faster processors; To search through the program To search through the program –More memory; To load more information To load more information –Increased backing storage. To store more rules and facts To store more rules and facts