1. Nucleic Acids and Genetics Chapter 5 A. P. Biology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

2. Is Genetics Important to Me?

3. Genetics Basic unit of heredity- Gene- a linear sequence of nucleotides of DNA. Genotype- genetic make-up of organism; its potential characteristics. Phenotype- the observable physical traits of an organism. The Phenotype is the organism’s physical expression of its Genotype.

4. Eukaryotes are Diploid Locus - is a gene’s location on the chromosome. Allele- an alternative form of a gene at a specific locus. Eukaryotes have pairs of identical chromosomes- diploid. May have two alleles of a gene. Prokaryotes are not diploid.

5. When good DNA goes Bad! A permanent change in the sequence of nucleotides - mutation. Mutations change the information of that gene. DNA- function is to store and transfer information.

6. Mistakes in DNA -->Mutations

7. How is DNA Accurately Transferred? DNA serves as a template for its own replication; an exact pattern. How, you ask? By base pairing.

8. What is a Nucleotide? Subunits of DNA/RNA are Nucleotides = nitrogenous base + deoxy- or ribose sugar (5 carbons) + PO 4 Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

9. Monosaccharides of Nucleic Acids

10. Adenosine Monophosphate Base = adenine In DNA, sugar = deoxyribose (In RNA, sugar = ribose) A phosphate group, PO 4 The Nucleotide = AMP

11. Adenosine Monophosphate

12. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

13. Guanosine Monophosphate

14. Thymine Monophosphate

15. Cytosine Monophosphate

16. Uracil Monophosphate (in RNA)

17. Base Pairing Rules In DNA, A = T C G In RNA, A = U C G

18. H-Bonding Between Bases

22. Characteristics of DNA Chains of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds. Carbon 5 of deoxyribose is attached to PO 4. Carbon 3 of deoxyribose is a OH- free to attach to the next nucleotide. Double helix is held together by H- bonding.

23. Double Helix DNA is antiparallel: 5’PO 4 -------------------------3’OH 3’OH -------------------------5’PO 4

24. The 3-D Structure of DNA

25. DNA Replication Begins at a specific location on the circular bacterial chromosome-origin (OriC). Occurs in two directions at the same time-two moving replication forks- points where the two strands separate to allow replication of DNA.

26. Bring on DNA Replication!

29. Replication, must I see!

30. Replication Fork

31. Show me the Replication!

33. DNA Replication

35. Prokaryotes single, circular chromosome. one single origin on the chromosome. rate of over 1,000 nt/second. Eukaryotes multiple, linear chromosomes. several origins on each chromosome. rate of about 50- 100 nt/second