1. 1 National Water Quality Monitoring Network: Estuaries by Jawed Hameedi, NOAA National Monitoring Conference San Jose, CA May 9, 2006

2. 2 A Water Quality Monitoring Network design Conceived as a Network of Networks – does not replace existing programs Conceived as a Network of Networks – does not replace existing programs Provides comprehensive national coverage Provides comprehensive national coverage Encompasses observations from the upland to the coasts and the coastal ocean Encompasses observations from the upland to the coasts and the coastal ocean Offers linkage with IOOS Offers linkage with IOOS Raises the bar by promoting: Raises the bar by promoting: – data standards and quality assurance parameters and assures data comparability – data management and access

3. 3 Follow-up to the design Compare design with existing programs IncludeInclude ImproveImprove Define as externalDefine as external An example Network specifies 258 sampling sites at downstream points of HUC-6 basinsNetwork specifies 258 sampling sites at downstream points of HUC-6 basins 222 stream gauge sites (86 percent) are already in place222 stream gauge sites (86 percent) are already in place

4. 4 A continuum of Observations Estuaries Nearshore Offshore and EEZ Great Lakes Coastal Beaches Wetlands With Flow and Flux from Rivers (HUC6) Coastal streams Atmosphere Groundwater South Slough NERR Coos Bay Pacific Ocean

5. 5 Network Estuaries 149 estuaries 149 estuaries NOAA-defined estuaries – 138 (conterminous US) NOAA-defined estuaries – 138 (conterminous US) – 92 in 1985 (over 90% of total surface area and over 90% of total freshwater flow) – NEI Project – 112 in 1990 – 138 in 1999 Include coastal bays and fjords as well Include coastal bays and fjords as well 18 in California 18 in California All 138 have data on estuarine drainage area, digitized boundaries, surface area, flushing rates, human use, etc. All 138 have data on estuarine drainage area, digitized boundaries, surface area, flushing rates, human use, etc.

6. 6 Nested Sampling Design: “condition” of estuaries Generalized random tessellation stratified (GRTS) survey design Generalized random tessellation stratified (GRTS) survey design U.S. estuaries (50 per IOOS region) U.S. estuaries (50 per IOOS region) – An estuary (50 per estuary) Parts (north, south, etc.) Parts (north, south, etc.) – Uses (urban, harbor, industrial, rural, etc.)

7. 7 Estuaries: Sampling Scheme Condition of US estuaries: 50 sites per IOOS region Condition of US estuaries: 50 sites per IOOS region Condition of individual estuaries: 50 sites per estuary Condition of individual estuaries: 50 sites per estuary Transport through estuaries (for investigating cause- effect relationship, focusing on estuary-specific resource management issues or scientific questions): 15 sites per estuary – RAs Transport through estuaries (for investigating cause- effect relationship, focusing on estuary-specific resource management issues or scientific questions): 15 sites per estuary – RAs Short-term variability (likely using moored instruments): 2 sites per estuary -- RAs Short-term variability (likely using moored instruments): 2 sites per estuary -- RAs

8. 8 The Network provides “dots on the map”

9. 9 Water Quality Measurements WQ characteristics (t, S, pH, color, etc.) WQ characteristics (t, S, pH, color, etc.) “Bulk” organics (oil and grease, organic wastes, deoxygenating substances) “Bulk” organics (oil and grease, organic wastes, deoxygenating substances) Nutrients, chlorophyll Nutrients, chlorophyll Major ions (in freshwater) Major ions (in freshwater) Metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg) and metalloids (As, Se) Metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg) and metalloids (As, Se) Chlorinated pesticides, other agrochemicals Chlorinated pesticides, other agrochemicals PAHs and halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., PCBs) PAHs and halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., PCBs) “New contaminants” (Pharmaceuticals, PBDEs, PFOS, detergents, lubricants) “New contaminants” (Pharmaceuticals, PBDEs, PFOS, detergents, lubricants)

10. 10 Satellite imagery Surface wind fields (speeds and direction) Surface wind fields (speeds and direction) Ocean surface topography Ocean surface topography – Altimeters on satellite routinely provide wide- swath information (on sea level) Space-based SST Space-based SST – Sea surface temperature measurements are routine Ocean color and chlorophyll – interpretation issues Ocean color and chlorophyll – interpretation issues Sea ice distribution and volume (relates to AK) Sea ice distribution and volume (relates to AK)

11. 11 Measurements from buoys and gliders Sea surface winds Sea surface winds Surface atmospheric pressure Surface atmospheric pressure Wave height and direction Wave height and direction Sea level Sea level Surface and interior field of: Surface and interior field of: – Ocean currents – Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) are now quite common – Temperature – nearly all buoys have sensors – Salinity – nearly all buoys have sensors – Dissolved oxygen – routine measurements likely – Selected nutrients (e.g., nitrate) – routine measurements likely – Chlorophyll – routine measurements likely pCO2 – such measurements using moored instruments have been taken since late 1960s. (need these data for ecological shifts, biological production, upwelling, mixing, climate change, etc.) pCO2 – such measurements using moored instruments have been taken since late 1960s. (need these data for ecological shifts, biological production, upwelling, mixing, climate change, etc.)

12. 12 Measurements from shipboard surveys CTD records CTD records ADCP profiles ADCP profiles Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen Nutrients, chlorophyll, water transparency Nutrients, chlorophyll, water transparency LMR assessment surveys LMR assessment surveys Etc. Etc.

13. 13 Monitoring Offshore Waters: Remote observations (shore), satellite sensors, buoys, ships and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

14. 14 Integrated Ocean Observing System

15. 15 Monitoring Framework: Focus on Management Issues and Questions 1. Fish consumption advisories 2. Shellfish bed closure 3. Toxic chemicals 4. Hypoxic conditions a. What is the spatial extent? (What fraction? Continuous? Patchy?) b. What is the temporal trend? (Seasonal, Yearly, Decadal) c. What factors are responsible for low oxygen conditions? (bulk organics/BOD, retarded mixing, altered circulation) 5. Beach closures

16. 16 Integrating observations, research and modeling Accessibility of data from varied sources Accessibility of data from varied sources Targeted observations and sampling Targeted observations and sampling – Derive input parameters and coefficients – Interior test points for the model domain – Verify model outputs – Offer broad geographical coverage and synoptic observations Inference about hidden variables or relationships Inference about hidden variables or relationships

17. 17 Network Data Management Built on ACWI Water Quality Data Elements Built on ACWI Water Quality Data Elements – purpose, content, metadata Assumes USGS and EPA data warehouses Assumes USGS and EPA data warehouses Provides for data access and discovery Provides for data access and discovery – Web services; hypertext and XML protocols Assures interoperability and transport – download Assures interoperability and transport – download Will be consistent with IOOS/DMAC standards Will be consistent with IOOS/DMAC standards

18. 18 Data Uses and Products Data and information to produce periodic, comprehensive reports: Data and information to produce periodic, comprehensive reports: An assessment of the water quality and health of the Nation’s coastal ecosystems An assessment of the water quality and health of the Nation’s coastal ecosystems An evaluation of water quality trends An evaluation of water quality trends Identification of sources of degraded water quality resulting in impaired products (e.g., fish) and services (e.g., recreation) Identification of sources of degraded water quality resulting in impaired products (e.g., fish) and services (e.g., recreation) An assessment of government programs designed to abate the degradation of coastal ecosystems An assessment of government programs designed to abate the degradation of coastal ecosystems A database for identifying and evaluating uniform indicators of coastal water quality and ecosystem health A database for identifying and evaluating uniform indicators of coastal water quality and ecosystem health

19. 19 Water Quality Issues: Delaware Bay Dredging impacts Dredging impacts – Altered hydraulic geometry: increased mean depth (1.5m); 17% percent increase in sub-tidal volume of estuary – Widespread bottom and marshland erosion and sediment removal from non-dredged areas (3x flux from rivers) Freshwater quantity and quality – drinking water Freshwater quantity and quality – drinking water Assuring public health (beach contamination; seafood consumption advisories) Assuring public health (beach contamination; seafood consumption advisories) Loss of habitat or population decline in key species (e.g., Eastern oyster; horseshoe crab; American shad) Loss of habitat or population decline in key species (e.g., Eastern oyster; horseshoe crab; American shad) Nitrogen overload and nutrient imbalance Nitrogen overload and nutrient imbalance

20. 20 Delaware Estuary Watershed to Ocean Observing System (DEWOOS) Inventory existing assets Inventory existing assets Build web-based interface Build web-based interface Build upon DBOS Build upon DBOS Link NWQMN with IOOS Link NWQMN with IOOS Implement DEWOOS Implement DEWOOS Galvanize MACOORA Galvanize MACOORA

21. 21 Thank you! The scientific observation of Nature keeps us in close contact with the behavior of Reality, and thus sharpens our inner perception for a deeper vision of it. Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) Slides courtesy: USGS, US FWS, MBARI, Rutgers and Sheefishgraphics