1. Cellular Respiration Continued: The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

2. Krebs Cycle aka Citric Acid Cycle Uses OXYGEN!! Occurs in mitochondria At the end of glycolysis, 90% of chemical energy in glucose is still unused. Need oxygen to remove this energy = aerobic respiration 2nd stage of cellular respiration – Krebs cycle (also called citric acid cycle) – pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions What comes out: 2 ATPs (one for each pyruvic acid) NADH, FADH 2 CO 2 (lots) What goes in: Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis Oxygen

3. Steps of Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Occurs in mitochondria A) Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters mitochondria. One carbon atom from pyruvic acid becomes part of carbon dioxide which is released. Two of the 3 carbon atoms are then joined to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA then adds the 2- carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecule, producing a 6-carbon molecule called citric acid Summary: Pyruvic acid turned into citric acid and CO 2 released

4. Steps of Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) (continued) B) Citric acid then is broken down into a 4- carbon molecule, more CO 2 is released and electrons are transferred to energy carriers (NADH) Summary: Citric acid turned into CO 2 and high-energy electrons gathered

5. Steps of Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) (continued) 6 carbon atoms in citric acid – 2 carbons removed as CO 2 leaving a 4-carbon molecule which is ready to accept another 2-carbon acetyl group to start the cycle over again (leftover carbons go back into the cycle) For each turn of the cycle, an ATP is produced as well as 5 pairs of high-energy electrons captured by 5 carrier molecules – 4 NADH and 1 FADH 2 (similar to NADH)

6. Citric Acid Production The Krebs Cycle Mitochondrion

7. Citric Acid Production The Krebs Cycle Mitochondrion

8. Krebs Cycle ATP produced in Krebs cycle is then used for cellular activities. In the presence of oxygen, high energy electrons are used to generate HUGE amounts of energy in one last step…

9. Electron Transport Chain Uses OXYGEN!! Occurs in mitochondria Electrons passed from carriers in the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain, where the electrons are used to convert ADP to ATP What goes in: NADH and FADH 2 (from Krebs Cycle and Glycolysis) Oxygen What comes out: 32 ATPs H 2 O

10. Steps in the Electron Transport Chain A) Electrons from NADH and FADH 2 passed along to chain. In eukaryotes, the chain is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. High energy electrons are passed from one carrier protein to the next. At the end of the chain, electrons bind with H + and oxygen to form water. Oxygen is final electron acceptor. (Oxygen removes “used” electrons) Summary: Electrons passed down chain to oxygen; water released

11. Steps in the Electron Transport Chain (continued) B) High-energy electrons transport H + ions across the membrane. During electron transport, H + ions build up on one side of the membrane = positively charged. The other side becomes negatively charged = difference in charges Summary: During electron transport down chain, H + brought into membrane = + charge on one side and – charge on the other…

12. Steps in the Electron Transport Chain (continued) C) Charge difference fuels ATP synthase to change ADP into ATP Summary: Use charge difference to fuel ATP production

13. The Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement ATP Production ATP synthase Channel Matrix

14. The Totals of ATP Production through Entire Cellular Respiration Glycolysis produces = 2 ATPs Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain produce = 34 ATP (Kreb’s Cycle produces 2 ATPs and electron transport chain produces 32 ATPs) Total = 36 ATP molecules produced

15. Energy and Exercise Quick energy – uses ATP quickly (sprinting) and then lactic acid kicks in Long-term energy – ATP continues to be built constantly, supply the body with energy (distance running)