1. Respiration
Equation:

2. Oxidation / Reduction What is oxidation? What is reduction?
Key Idea: When something is reduced it gains electrons and protons. These electrons and protons have usually come from another chemical, so that chemical has been oxidised. Therefore a REDOX reaction has taken place. This is also true if something is oxidised it has lost electrons and protons. These have usually been given to another chemical, sothat chemical has been reduced. Therefore this is also a REDOX reaction.

3. Coenzymes – NAD+ and FAD
Has this been oxidised or reduced?
NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ NADH + H+
FAD + 2e- + 2H+ FADH2

4. Structure of NAD and FAD
What biochemical group do they belong to?
Evidence?

5. Structure of ATP Nucleic acid Components: Synthesized from?
Enzyme used?

6. Key Ideas – Why turn glucose into ATP?
Glucose is already a form of potential
chemical energy, why turn it into ATP?
Lots of little packets of energy (ATP) can be made and used for lots of little jobs in the cell. A job seldom requires all the energy contained in one molecule of glucose. (therefore efficient, not wasteful!!)
ATP will release energy quickly, glucose will not, therefore it is an instant source of energy for the cell

7. ATP the Universal Energy Currency
Why universal?
Why currency?
Enables a cell to do work
3 examples:
Energy can be released quickly, only one bond needs to be broken.
Enzyme used:
Bond broken:
Energy per mole 30.6KJ
Other features, soluble and easily transported across membranes

8. Key Ideas - Making ATP
To make ATP a phosphate group (Pi) has to be added to ADP, this reaction is called phosphorylation
ATP + Pi ATP
The energy to add the Pi group can come in three different ways:
Substrate level phosphorylation – use the energy released from chemical reactions
Oxidative phosphorylation – use the energy from high energy electrons produced during oxidation reactions
Photophosphorylation – use the energy from high energy electrons produced using light energy

9. Substrate Level Phosphorylation
In respiration it is produced in this way during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Triose phosphate to Pyruvate – 4 ATP produced
5C to 4C compound – 1 ATP produced each turn

10. Key Ideas - Chemiosmosis
The energy from high energy electrons can be used to produce a proton gradient
A proton gradient can be used to produce ATP, this called chemiosmosis
As protons flow down the gradient, energy is released, this energy is used to add a Pi group to ADP
Chemiosmosis is used to produce ATP in respiration and photosynthesis

11. Key Enzymes Dehydrogenases Decarboxylases
Involved in what type of reactions?
Catalyze the removal of?
Decarboxylases

12. Glycolysis What does it mean? Where are ATP needed?
Where are ATP produced?
Where does it take
place?
What are the net
products?
Where can glycerol enter?

13. After Glycolysis…… If no oxygen is available
What happens to the pyruvate?
Why?
Useful products produced?

14. After glycolysis…. If oxygen is available…. What is this reaction
called?
Where does it take place?
Why is it described as an
oxidative decarboxylation?
Where can fatty acids enter?

15. After the Link reaction….
What is this series
of reactions called?
Where does it take
place?
What useful products
are produced per glucose molecule?

16. Mitochondrial Structure

17. The Electron Transport Chain

18. The Electron Transport Chain
Why is it called this?
Where do the electron
come from?
What do they release as they are passed along?
What is this used for?
pH /chemiosmosis / stalked particles (ATP synthetase)

19. Number of ATP molecules produced
NAD leads to the production of 3 ATP molecules
FAD leads to the production of 2ATP molecules
Why? – Carrier systems are different – NAD linked to 3 pumps and FAD 2 pumps
Stage of Respiration
Number of red NAD produced
Number of red FAD produced
Number of ATP produced
Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle

20. Summary of aerobic respiration?