1. The Evolution of American Federalism

2. Three Organizational Schemes Confederation  What is it?  Pros/Cons?

3. Three Organizational Schemes Unitary Government  What is it?  Pros/Cons

4. Three Organizational Schemes Dual Federalism  What is it?

6. Federalism in the Constitution Senate Electoral College Article I, Section 8  Commerce Clause  Elastic Clause Article I, Section 10 Article IV, Supremacy Clause

7. Trend of Nationalization When? Why?  Modernization  Financial necessity  Political efficiency (collective action)  Competition between states  Political expediency

9. The Role of the Supreme Court McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) U.S. v. Lopez (1995) Printz v. U.S. (1997) Morrison v. U.S. (2001)

10. Pre-1930s 1930s-1960s1966-present Dual Federalism Cooperative Federalism New Federalism Categorical Aid – strict limits Project grantsFormula Grants Competitive applications Ex: National Science Foundation, Race to the Top No application Based on data / demography Ex: Medicaid, Title I Block grants Local / state discretion No application Broad area of focus Ex: public safety

11. Federalism Dual Federalism = roommates Cooperative Federalism= marriage  Crossover Sanctions – ex: drinking age  Crosscutting – conditions extended to all federal funds ex: Obama and sick leave New Federalism = it’s complicated Mandates  Unfunded mandates

13. Final Analysis--Benefits Mobilization of political activity. Prevents the dominance of “factions.” Encourages experimentation in states. Needs of diverse states are met.

14. Final Analysis--Disadvantages Confusion and fractured policy making Small, but motivated interest groups can block the majority. Diversity of policies creates inequalities.

18. Lt. green = 7,000-7999, dk green - $11,0000+

19. Politics of Devolution