1. Rhetoric and Rhetorical Devices

2. Rhetoric  Art of speaking and writing effectively  Art of argumentation  Art of persuasion The masterful use of language to get what you want!

3. Aristotelian Appeals  Ethos  Pathos  Logos

4. Ethos  Appeals to credibility  how an author/speaker builds credibility & trustworthiness

5. Ethos Effect on Audience  Helps audience to see the author/speaker as reliable, trustworthy, competent, and credible.  The audience might respect the author/speaker or his/her views.

6.  Author’s/speaker’s profession / background  Appearing sincere, fair minded, knowledgeable  Appearing relatable  Using and inclusive tone (“we”)  Conceding to opposition where appropriate  Morally / ethically likeable  Appropriate language for audience and subject  Appropriate vocabulary  Correct grammar  Professional format Ways to Develop Ethos (ethical) Appeals

7. Pathos  Appeals to emotion  words or passages an author/speaker uses to activate emotions

8. PATHOS Effect on Audience  Evokes an emotional response.  Persuasion by emotion.  (usually evoking fear, sympathy, empathy, anger,)

9. Types of PATHOS (emotional) Appeals  Emotionally loaded language  Vivid descriptions  Emotional examples  Anecdotes, testimonies, or narratives about emotional experiences or events  Figurative language  Emotional tone (humor, sarcasm, disappointment, excitement, etc.)

10. Logos  Appeals to logic  the argument itself  the reasoning the author/speaker uses  logical evidence

11. Logos Effect on Audience  Evokes a cognitive, rational response.  Readers get a sense of, “Oh, that makes sense” or “Hmm, that really doesn’t prove anything.”

12. Types of LOGOS (logical) APPEALS  Theories / scientific facts  Literal or historical analogies/allusions  Definitions  Factual data & statistics  Quotations  Citations from experts & authorities  Informed opinions  Examples (real life examples)  Personal anecdotes

13. Similes Similes are comparisons between two unlike things, using a word such as like, as, resembles, or than. The full moon glowed like an orange in the sky. © 2002-2003 clipart.com Digital Image copyright © 2003 PhotoDisc, Inc.

14. Metaphors Metaphors are comparisons between two unlike things, in which one thing becomes another thing without the use of the word like, as, than, or resembles. The full moon was an orange hanging low in the sky. Metaphors may be direct or implied DIRECT- My mind is a sailboat that wanders with the wind. IMPLIED- My mind sailed away from the turbulent waters of the argument in search of a peaceful harbor.

15. Intimation  Hinting at something rather than directly stating it.  "She did deceive her father..."  "Beware of jealousy"  "Men should be what they seem"

16. Repetition  Recurrence of words, images or ideas  Animal imagery- Othello  Mirrors; homosexuality- Ripley  Blood; hand- Macbeth

17. Imagery  Imagery is language that appeals to the senses.  Touch The surface of the eggplant felt smooth and cool under my fingers.  Taste As I bit into the peach, a burst of sweetness hit my tongue.  Hearing Bells jangled discordantly in the background as the heavy door creaked open.  Smell A heavy, floral scent wafted over us as we passed the rose garden.  Sight The clouds were so thick, we could barely make out the faint circle of the sun.

18. Rhetorical Questions  Leading questions  Not intended to be answered  Used to bring up a point or lead to a thought

19. Connotative Language  Words with implied meaning  “Blood” in Macbeth often meant more that the red stuff that leaks out of you when you get cut.

20. Diction  Word Choice  The bouncy little girl’s steady murmuring was a pleasant background to the concert.  The hyper little girl’s nonstop yakking was a grating background to the concert.

21. Irony  Discrepancy between expectation and reality  Sarcasm  Understatement  Hyperbole

22. Paralipsis emphasizing a point by seeming to pass over it ex: "What sights, my lord?" asks Ross. "I pray you, speak not. He grows worse and worse. / Question enrages him. At once, good night" replies Lady Macbeth (Shakespeare 3.4.142-145) emphasizes Macbeth's ill state and the need to protect him from being suspected of murder

23. Also take note of: ellipses..., lets sentence/thought trail off Says bad things about Desdemona, then stops and excuses himself  Dashes - shows an incomplete though or statement OR hesitation  Well-placed silences (imagine in performance)

24. “I Have a Dream”  "I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.  And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.

25. “I Have a Dream”  Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves, who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

26. “I Have a Dream”  But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

27. “I Have a Dream”  Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.