1. Lab Challenge: How will we determine the taxonomy of the microbes we find?

2. Traditional Classification
Chapter 26, 27 and 28
Understanding the 3 Domain; Kingdom System with a focus on Bacteria and Archaea

3. Chapter References
HEY!!! Let’s make this abundantly CLEAR---when you see references to chapters, READ THEM! They are your HOMEWORK!
Chapter 26 and 27 (selections)
Reading Tips - Don’t read every word. Skim over all headings! Then, look for the parts of reading that match your notes
Take NOTES by making a powerpoint!

4. Unity: Characteristics of Living Things
Made of Cells
Obtains materials and use energy
Grow and Develop
Reproduce
Respond to Stimuli
Maintain Homeostasis
Based on a Genetic Code
Evolve

5. Hierarchical Organization
Binominal Nomenclature:
2 word naming system based on Genus species
Did king philip come over for good soup?
Shows relationships…what are they based on?

6. Diversity: How can these characteristics show the diversity of living things?

7. Focus on Bacteria
All living things are MADE of CELLS, but size, shape, or arrangement may vary

8. Focus on Bacteria Does the naming system make sense?
See special feature in text. Figures 27.17
Does the naming system make sense?

9. Gram staining
Make up of cell structures is also a distinguishing characteristic
Cells with peptidoglycan in their walls stain darker
(a) Gram-positive bacteria: peptidoglycan traps crystal violet.
Gram-positive
bacteria
Peptido-
glycan
layer
Cell
wall
Plasma
membrane
10 m
Gram-negative
Outer
Plasma membrane
Carbohydrate portion
of lipopolysaccharide
(b) Gram-negative bacteria: crystal violet is easily rinsed
away, revealing red dye.
Figure 27.3
Figure 27.3 Gram staining. 9

10. Response to environment
Notetaking: what should you write down about this visual slide?

11. Obtaining energy
Nutrition is one important characteristic that allows us to compare.
Into which group do you think our cheese microbe will fit?

12. New characteristics force changes in classification
What was the 2 kingdom model?
The 5 kingdom model?
How do the Domains and the current 6 kingdom model relate?
What’s the current debate?

13. Role of technology

14. Using Molecular Data
In 1977, Carl Woese used molecular data from ribosomal RNA to classify microbes. Previously, microbes classification was limited due to their lack of identifiable characteristics.
Woese’s work led to the current three “domain” system of classification: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

15. 3 Domains

16. The 3 domains vary in how organisms display the characteristics of living things
See Table 27.2

17. Print on 2X2 labels for student take aways

18. What’s the difference between eubacteria and archaebacteria?
Archaebacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes.
Cell walls
Eubacteria: Material--peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria: Other materials
Archaebacteria are usually extremophiles
Halophiles
Thermophiles

19. How closely related are the kingdoms?

20. Eukaryotes Key Characteristic= Nutrition
If we use this as the basis, are fungi more closely related to animals or plants?
Fungi: Heterotrophic decomposers
Animals: Heterotrophic consumers
Plants: Photoautotrophs

21. Problems with using characteristics
Maybe cell wall shows a better relationship.
Does this agree with your previous hypothesis?
Plants: Cellulose
Fungi: Chitin (although some have no cell wall)
Animals: No cell wall

22. Chitin vs. Cellulose
Note: Animals do not use chitin for a cell wall but can manufacture chitin for an exoskeleton…what do they need to make chitin?

23. What do the genes tell us?
General consensus: Fungi & Animals share most recent Common Ancestor.
Jury is still out though…

24. Active Reading Activity
Read and take notes to answer a question…what information/vocab are important to that question!
Section 28.1
Is the protista kingdom MONOPHYLETIC?
(all share a common ancestor)

25. Kingdom Protista=Problem

26. Protists
Are all protists closely related to eachother?

27. Activity
Take the information from your reading & notes and fill out the kingdom graphic organizer that you did in 9th grade!
Discussion:
Is this memorization?

28. Direction… Later we will look at classification of the animal kingdom.
As we go through the year, we will see the importance of understanding classification of plants, fungi, and protists.