1. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 GenIma: program to simulate emulsions

2. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Reconstruction optimization and parameters understanding are difficult for emulsions: Lack of data for various conditions ( particle type, angles, energies, fog densities, ambiant radioactivity integration times, etc) and poor statistics. Large feed-back time between beam tests and scanning ECC efficiency evaluation will be needed

3. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 GEN: Particles generation in GEANT 3.2 Anything you like as particles, energies, dE/dX, vertices, neutrinos events, etc Keep the coordinates of energy deposites in a volume =200  200  288  3 2  1  dead-zone Density of 30 grains/100   -rays generated Track density controlled ( ex: 10/field of view)

4. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 ccd plane Focused plane Grain plane d=3.254 mm d=200 mm r=6mm The systeme objective-ccd (in red) can move along the optical axis: we keep 16 tomographic planes ;  is defined by objective characteristics The virtual microscope  objective

5. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 IMA : makes pictures fom GEN output For each “grain” x,y,z, intercept the ccd surface by a conical prolongation  surface S of pixels to “darken”. cone aperture : N.A (numerical aperture):  = arcsin(N.A/n refr ) Fill them with grey in each of the 32 picture planes; grey density varies with 1 / S and e -d/ ( is an effective emulsion attenuation lenghth) Lateral size of grains: appropriate smearing matrix z- grain size: 5 z values displaced by (0.6  /5) (luxuous) Linear or parabolic distorsions included (ex:flat from 0 to 40mrad) Objective geometrical distorsions, non-uniform lighting Pictures are written in Fortran (PPM format), then converted in JPEG or BMP with XView.

6. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 “My objective” Dry ( oil) objective N.A = 0.8, G= “  50 “ Focal length : f=3.23 mm Distance objective-ccd plane: 200 mm G=62.5 ccd: 1024  1024 pixels 12  12  2 thin lense approximation, no explicite diffraction (  included in matrix) sin  = N.A/n refr (in a camera: objective luminosity = f/D obj =1/2.tg (  ) )  = 32 o in emulsion

7. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Format PPM http//cedric.cnam.fr/~gouet/Var/ppm.html #Example: toto.ppm P3 4 255 # red green blue 0 0 0 16 16 16 32 32 32 48 48 48 64 64 64 80 80 80 96 96 96 112 112 112 128 128 128 143 143 143 159 159 159 175 175 175 191 191 191 207 207 207 223 23 223 239 239 239

8. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Fog and background Fog is randomly generated as single grain with a density of 6 grains/ (10  ) 3 time consuming, but Albums of fogs can be generated only once, and pictures added to the tracks ones Album of real emulsions data can be used also (fog+radioactivity fossiles tracks after refreshing) An ultimate uniform grey layer is added at the end (light scattering, long distance shadows)

9. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Oil and air (without fog) NA=0.8 electrons 0.2-1 MeV

10. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Oil and air (without fog) NA=0.8 electrons 0.2-1 MeV

11. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Emulsion simulation 16 images

12. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Emulsion simulation 16 images

13. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Emulsion simulation 16 images

14. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Emulsion simulation 16 images

15. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Emulsion simulation 16 images

16. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Emulsion simulation 16 images

17. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04

18. Depth of field From geometry, depth of field can be shorter for oil since  is larger. But diffraction is imposing a minimum spot radius (Airy distribution) NIKON handbook : dof=.n/NA 2 +n.e sep /NA

19. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 80 MeV 2 GeV 2  Oil objective Dry objective

20. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 An application:base track efficiency (extremely preliminary) Distorsion (0-40 mrad) Clustering: just threshold and saturation Start from top microtrack, open a 50 mrad cone Find n “clusters” in bottom road : n  6? Efficiency for base track association: 0.93 (0 mrad) Increase with angle 0.95 (300 mrad) Sysal filter or micro track finder responsible for this measured fact? Inject Genima pictures (or code ) in Sysal What is this dependency (if any) with the UTS,SUTS tools? :simulate pulse height

21. Jean Favier LAPP OPERA meeting Hamburg 5/06/04 Next steps… Release a Fortran version with documentation (Sysal) Pictures are in FEDRA (Dominique) “Albums” of various background Refreshing action parametrization Filtering in GenIma to reduce heavy pictures? and…neutrino events with several emulsions and lead ?